Chad

Casualties and Victim Assistance

Last updated: 26 December 2016

Action points based on findings

  • Improve and systematize casualty data collection.
  • Enhance victim assistance coordination and align with disability-rights coordination.
  • Plan and undertake survivor identification and needs assessment.
  • Increase services in all areas of victim assistance, particularly physical rehabilitation and employment.
  • Improve facilities and professional capacity in the rehabilitation sector.
  • Coordinate government investment and support to rehabilitation and emergency care to ensure sustainability.

Victim assistance commitments

The Republic of Chad is responsible for a significant number of landmine survivors, cluster munition victims, and survivors of other explosive remnants of war (ERW) who are in need. Chad has made commitments to provide victim assistance through the Mine Ban Treaty and has victim assistance obligations under the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

Chad signed the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in September 2012, but had not yet ratified as of 1 October 2016.

Casualties

Casualties Overview

All known casualties by end 2015

At least 2,984 (1,179 people killed; 1,605 injured; 200 unknown)

Casualties in 2015

6 (2014: 79)

2015 casualties by outcome

4 injured; 2 unknown (2014: 16 killed; 63 injured)

2015 casualties by device type

2 antipersonnel mines; 4 cluster submunitions


The Monitor recorded six mine/ERW casualties in Chad in 2015.[1] This constituted a significant decrease from casualties reported in Chad in previous years: 79 in 2014, 20 in 2013,[2] 15 in 2012, and 34 in 2011. However, as in previous years, given the lack of national data collection and reporting systems, it is probable that there were a greater number of new casualties that were unreported.[3] Similarly, data reported in previous years was inconsistent and not indicative of trends.[4]

In 2015, only two incidents were reported by the National Demining Center (Centre National de Déminage, CND) in Chad’s Article 7 transparency reports for the Mine Ban Treaty and the Cluster Munition Convention.[5] There were four civilian casualties, all of them children.[6] One incident was due to cluster submunitions, while the second was caused by an antipersonnel mine. At least 67% of annual casualties were reported in northern Chad, in the provinces of Borkou.

At least 2,984 mine/ERW casualties had been identified by the end of 2015: 1,179 people were killed, another 1,605 were injured, and 200 were unknown.[7]

Cluster munition casualties

In 2015, there were at least four casualties, three girls and one boy, caused by cluster munition remnants.[8] The number of casualties caused by cluster munition remnants or the use of cluster munitions in Chad remains unknown due to a lack of detailed and comprehensive data collection.[9]

Victim Assistance

The total number of mine/ERW survivors in Chad is not known, though there were thought to be more than 1,737.[10] Between 1998 and 2013, the CND estimated that there were at least 2,834 survivors and family members of people killed by mines/ERW registered in Chad, but recognized that this data was not complete.[11] In 2014 and 2015, the CND did not report a new estimate, however new survivors were recorded throughout the years and therefore the total number most likely increased.[12]

Victim assistance since 1999

Services for mine/ERW survivors in Chad have been hampered by intermittent internal conflict and cross-border conflicts, as well as serious under-funding. Data on mine/ERW casualties is not adequate for use; information on the needs of survivors was not available. Most services were provided by the ICRC, however the organization prepared to progressively phase out its support for the rehabilitation sector in 2015.[13] Throughout the year, landmines and ERW continued to be a threat for many rural communities, particularly in the north and, to a lesser extent, in the east.[14] There remained an overall need to establish services and capacities outside the capital N’Djamena, especially in those remote and affected areas.

Victim assistance under the Vientiane Action Plan 2011–2015

Chad ratified the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 26 March 2013.[15] Government attention to victim assistance increased through 2010 and 2011 with the development of the National Action Plan on Victim Assistance, which was adopted in May 2012. However, few initiatives were undertaken through 2015 to implement this action plan,[16] despite the adoption of an implementation strategy for the action plan in 2013.[17] There were inadequate resources and capacity made available to victim assistance or the implementation of disability-rights measures.

There were no significant changes in the accessibility, availability, or quality of victim assistance services in Chad in 2015. Handicap International (HI), Mines Advisory Group (MAG), and the ICRC worked towards supporting the CND in revising the National Action Plan on Victim Assistance in 2016.[18]

Victim assistance in 2015

To access most services many survivors still needed to be transferred to N’Djamena, where the existing facilities were located; however, the facilities were few and inadequate in view of the needs. While the exact number of persons with disabilities in need of physical rehabilitation services remained unknown, the two functioning centers—one in the country’s capital and the other in the southern city of Moundou—did not have the capacity to meet needs, in terms of infrastructure and human resources.[19]

Lack of financial support from the social system to cover the cost of treatment continued to mean that services were not free of charge unless covered by the ICRC, which also continued to provide a referral system and local staff training. There was a persistent lack of physiotherapists and trained service providers; none worked in mine-affected areas. Psychosocial support, vocational training, and economic reintegration opportunities for survivors and persons with disabilities were extremely limited; the situation was exacerbated by widespread societal discrimination against them. Legislation addressing persons with disabilities was not adequately enforced, as the application decree for the domestic law protecting the rights of persons with disabilities, adopted in 2007, remained pending the president’s signature to render it law as of the end of 2015.

Assessing victim assistance needs

In 2015, no survivor needs assessments were made in Chad. The CND country-wide mapping study of all mine/ERW survivors, announced in 2011 as part of the implementation of the newly adopted National Action Plan on Victim Assistance, was never reported to have been completed as planned; a census of mine victims and assessment of their needs was identified as a priority of the implementation strategy of the action plan adopted in 2013.[20] Within the framework of the European Union Project to Support the Demining Sector in Chad (Projet d’Appui au secteur du déminage du Tchad, PADMIN Project), HI is due to start a victim identification and needs assessment survey in the two pilot regions of Borkou and Ouaddaï in September 2016.[21]

Victim assistance coordination[22]

Government coordinating body/focal point

The CND’s Directorate of Awareness and Victim Assistance (Directorat de la Sensibilisation et Assistance aux Victimes)

Coordinating mechanism(s)

Directorate of Awareness and Victim Assistance through ad hoc meetings with relevant ministries and service providers

Plan

In May 2012, Chad adopted its 2012–2014 National Plan of Action on Victim Assistance; in 2013 the plan was extended to the period 2013–2017

 

This first National Plan of Action on Victim Assistance was adopted in May 2012, to be implemented from 2012–2014.[23] Because of a lack of resources for its implementation, little progress had been made towards achieving the objectives set out in the action plan and consequently in 2013, it was decided to extend the timeframe of the plan to 2017.[24] In 2015, further budget cuts did not allow for work towards the achievement of the plan to take place. A revision of the plan was due to take place in 2016.[25]

The plan recognizes the principle of non-discrimination between mine/ERW victims and other victims and persons with disabilities.[26] The plan of action identifies five key objectives:

  1. Contact each survivor through organizations of mine/ERW victims and disabled persons’ organizations (DPOs) and assess their needs and the best way to respond.
  2. Identify and reinforce community networks (including DPOs).
  3. Map and improve victim assistance activities.
  4. Develop a network of actors within the communities to provide psychological support and provide information on available services to victims.
  5. Identify and train all service providers in affected regions on victim assistance and improve accessibility to services in all parts of the country.[27]

The objectives of the National Plan of Action on Victim Assistance have also been included in the Strategic Mine Action Plan 2013–2017.[28] In 2013, Chad developed and adopted an implementation strategy for the action plan which includes the following objectives:

  1. Launch a national victims’ survey immediately.
  2. Promote the CRPD and its implementation.
  3. Improve access to primary care, rehabilitation services, and psychological support after an incident and in the longer term.
  4. Encourage and support inclusive development of mine/ERW victims and persons with disabilities.
  5. Promote the rights of victims and persons with disabilities among families, communities, and governmental ministries in order to eradicate discriminatory practices.
  6. Ensure coordination among actors, including a follow-up and update of the National Plan of Action on Victim Assistance with the participation of all relevant stakeholders.
  7. Mobilize national and international resources in order to implement the National Plan of Action on Victim Assistance.[29]

In 2015, regular victim assistance coordination meetings were organized within the framework of the PADMIN Project, gathering HI, MAG, the ICRC, and the CND.[30]

In May 2013, the Ministry of Public Health signed a decree creating a working group to specifically address physical rehabilitation needs in Chad, entitled Network of Rehabilitation Actors in Chad (Réseau des acteurs de la rehabilitation au Tchad, RART).[31] Members of this network include representatives of the CND, the Ministry of Public Health, and of the Ministry of Social Welfare, Family and National Solidarity (Ministry of Social Welfare), international organizations such as UNICEF, the ICRC, the two rehabilitation centers, and specialists, and DPOs as well as mine survivors.[32] The network was strengthened throughout 2015 and allowed for the drafting and finalization of a national plan to address physical rehabilitation needs in Chad.[33] At year-end this plan was still awaiting approval of the Ministry of Health.[34]

Throughout 2015, the ICRC continued to encourage the ministries for health and for social affairs to increase their investment in physical rehabilitation services. It also worked with the rehabilitation center of Notre Dame House of Peace (Maison Notre Dame de Paix à Moundou, MNPD) to become self-reliable, while the the Kabalaye limb-fitting and rehabilitation center (CARK) in N’Djamena did not respond to the ICRC’s offers to help it become more independent, financially and administratively.[35]

The Ministry of Social Affairs, National Solidarity, and Women was responsible for protecting the rights of persons with disabilities, while the Ministry of Public Health was responsible for physical rehabilitation. However, there was no direct involvement by the government in physical rehabilitation and those seeking services had to pay for them.[36]

Chad did not make a statement to provide updates on progress and challenges for victim assistance at the international meetings of the Mine Ban Treaty or Cluster Munition Convention. In March 2016, Chad submitted its Mine Ban Treaty and Convention on Cluster Munition Article 7 reports for calendar year 2015, including Forms J and H, in which it provided information on victim assistance activities.[37]

Inclusion and participation in victim assistance

In 2015, regular meetings and involvement of the RART allowed for the inclusion of survivor associations, especially in the drafting of the national plan to address physical rehabilitation needs in Chad. Towards the end of the year, efforts were also made to set up an identification and referral mechanism for mine/ERW victims and other persons with disabilities in two pilot sub-prefectures, which involved survivors and their representatives.[38] Two demobilized former military survivors were recruited in an orthopedic center supported by the ICRC as technicians trainees.[39] Survivors did not participate as part of their country’s delegation in international meetings of the Mine Ban Treaty or Convention on Cluster Munitions.

Service accessibility and effectiveness

Victim assistance activities[40]

Name of organization

Type of organization

Type of activity

Changes in quality/coverage of service in 2015

Ministry of Social Welfare

Government

Conducting a micro-credit project for persons with disabilities

Unknown

National Demining Center (Centre National de Déminage, CND)

National mine action center

Identification and registration of all known mine/ERW survivors, including new ones, in order to improve availability and access to services; distribution of some mobility aids

Action limited by lack of available funding

 

Chad National Paralympics Committee

National authority

Advocacy to ensure that persons with disabilities have access to training in order to become “sports educators”

A sport field adapted to wheelchairs was constructed with support from the ICRC

Voice of People with Disabilities (Voix des Personnes Handicapées, VPH)

National NGO

Social inclusion and psychological support activities using a community-based approach; advocacy for the ratification of the CRPD

Unknown

Notre Dame House of Peace (Maison Notre Dame de Paix à Moundou, MNDP)

National NGO

Physical rehabilitation in Moundou, southern Chad

Worked towards becoming more sustainable and independent from ICRC support

CARK

National NGO

Physical rehabilitation and prostheses in N’Djamena

Ongoing

Association of Mutual Aid of Physically Disabled of Chad (Association d’Entraide aux Handicapés Physique du Tchad, AEHPT)

National NGO

Advocacy, psychological support, and social inclusion for all persons with disabilities

Ongoing

Handicap International (HI)

International organization

Support to victim assistance national coordination; advocacy; capacity-building of local NGOs and survivors associations; support to the rehabilitation sector

Increased support to CND and launched socio-economic activities within the framework of the PADMIN Project

ICRC

International organization

Support to the two centers providing physical rehabilitation services in the country: CARK in N’Djamena and MNDP in Moundou; support of a referral system for persons with disabilities from eastern and northern Chad to access physical rehabilitation in CARK; advocacy towards improved access to physical rehabilitation in Chad

Scaling down victim assistance program

 

Emergency and continuing medical care

During 2015, Chad was increasingly impacted by military engagement and unrest in neighboring countries. Occasional incidents of communal violence, banditry, and social unrest over economic/political frustrations persisted. During emergencies, the ICRC supplied hospitals with medical kits for treating weapon-wounded people, including mine/ERW victims.[41]

Physical rehabilitation, including prosthetics

Access to rehabilitation remained difficult for most of those in need in 2015. Rehabilitation services were only available in six of the 23 regions in Chad. Access to rehabilitation was hampered by the lack of financial support from the social system to cover the cost of rehabilitation treatment (to be covered by the patients), the lack of facilities and professionals, and the burden of the cost of transport (when it was available). There was no direct involvement by the government in physical rehabilitation and patients had to pay for services.[42]

In 2015, the ICRC continued to support the two functioning centers, CARK in N’Djamena and MNDP in Moundou, where 5,224 persons with disabilities, including mine/ERW survivors, were treated. Mine/ERW survivors received more than 37% of the total number of prosthetic devices provided by the two rehabilitation centers.[43] Children represented 37% and women 21% of the total beneficiaries.[44] Staff at ICRC-supported centers enhanced the quality of their services through training sessions.[45]

Due to increased needs for support to refugees coming into Chad from neighboring countries, the ICRC generally reduced the scale of its victim assistance activities.[46] It continued to help build local capacities and promoted efforts to address physical rehabilitation needs in the country as it prepared to progressively phase out its assistance to the sector. With this in mind, the ICRC encouraged the ministries for health and for social affairs to increase investment in physical rehabilitation services. CARK however, did not respond to the ICRC’s offers to initiate a process to help them build greater financial and organizational autonomy.[47]

In 2015, HI started implementing a project funded by the EU’s PADMIN scheme. This new project, aimed to revitalize victim assistance cooperation, advocacy, and capacity-building for local associations of survivors. It was also planning to include activities to strengthen the rehabilitation sector and facilitate access to services for mine/ERW survivors. In 2015, activities under this project focused on two pilot sub-prefectures, Kirdimi (Borkou) and Hadjer Hadid (Ouaddaï), however HI focused on gathering data and identifying needs with a view to scale up activities in 2016.[48]

Socio-economic inclusion

In 2015, a national private micro credit company provided grants specifically targeting persons with disabilities for income-generating activities.[49] The government also operated education, employment, and therapy programs for persons with disabilities.[50]

National laws and policies

The law protects the rights of and prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities. However, the government did not effectively enforce the law. No legislation or programs exist to ensure access to buildings for persons with disabilities.[51]

The application decree for the domestic law number 007 protecting the rights of persons with disabilities, adopted in 2007, has remained inoperative, pending the president’s signature to render it law.[52] Efforts were made to translate this law into Arabic in the hope of speeding up its adoption.[53]



[1] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form J, 1 March 2016; and Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form H, 5 March 2016.

[2] In 2013, the Monitor had reported nine casualties (one killed; eight injured) in Chad thanks to data provided by Zienaba Tidjani Ali, of the National Demining Center (Centre National de Déminage, CND), on 17 July 2014. However, in 2014, the CND reported that for 2013 it identified 20 victims (nine killed; 11 injured) in nine separate incidents. See, response to Monitor questionnaire by Zienaba Tidjani Ali, CND, 26 March 2015; and presentation of Chad, “18th International Meeting of Mine Action National Programme Directors and UN Advisors - Plenary Session Six: Victim Assistance and Mine/ERW Risk Education,” 17 February 2015.

[3] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Anne Catherine Roussel, Physical Rehabilitation Project Manager, ICRC, 1 August 2016.

[4] The CND reported 44 new mine/ERW casualties (13 killed; 31 injured) between 2010 and 2012, but did not provide differentiated data for each year. However, the total figure was inconsistent with previous CND reports of annual casualty rates and Monitor casualty data. In 2010, the CND reported 64 casualties for 2009, but by 2011 the 2009 casualty figure had been revised to 39. Email from Assane Ngueadoum, Technical Advisor for Strategic Planning and Operations, CND, 14 March 2011. Of the 131 casualties reported in Chad for 2008, 122 casualties were recorded by the CND and nine were identified through media monitoring from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008. Monitor analysis of CND, “General list of mine/ERW victims/2008” (“Liste générale des victims des mines et autres engines non explosés/2008”), provided by Assane Ngueadoum, CND, 15 April 2009; and email from Assane Ngueadoum, CND, 22 May 2009.

[5] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form J, 1 March 2016; and Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form H, 5 March 2016.

[6] The status, age, and sex of two victims remained unknown.

[7] In 2008, Chad reported that by December 2007, 2,632 casualties were recorded (1,143 killed; 1,489 injured). There were 131 casualties reported in 2008, 39 in 2009, 28 in 2010, 34 in 2011, 15 in 2012, 20 in 2013, 79 in 2014, and six in 2015. See previous editions of the Monitor on the Monitor website; Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form J, 1 March 2016; and Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form H, 5 March 2016.

[8] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form H, 5 March 2016.

[9] Handicap International (HI), Circle of Impact: The Fatal Footprint of Cluster Munitions on People and Communities (Brussels: HI, May 2007), p. 48. It is likely that there have been unexploded submunition casualties in Chad. However, despite ERW incidents in regions contaminated by cluster submunitions, unexploded submunition casualties were not differentiated from other ERW casualties. Landmine Impact Survey data also showed that the most common activity at the time of each incident was tampering with ERW.

[10] The Monitor calculates that in total some 1,737 survivors have been reported through various sources. At least 1,588 survivors had been identified by the CND through December 2008. An additional 67 casualties were reported in 2009 and 2010, of which at least half were likely injured based on previously reported ratios of killed to injured casualties. Twenty-eight additional survivors were reported in 2011, 10 in 2012, 11 in 2013, 63 in 2014, and four in 2015. See previous editions of the Monitor; Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form J, 1 March 2016; and Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form H, 5 March 2016.

[11] Statement of Chad, Mine Ban Treaty Twelfth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 4 December 2012; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Zienaba Tidjani Ali, CND, 17 July 2014.

[12] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Zienaba Tidjani Ali, CND, 26 March 2015; Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form J, 1 March 2016; and Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form H, 5 March 2016.

[13] ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, May 2016.

[14] Ibid., p. 128.

[15] Statement of Chad, Mine Ban Treaty Thirteenth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 4 December 2013; and ICRC Press Release, “Tchad: ratification de la Convention sur les armes à sous-munitions,” 4 April 2013.

[16] See previous country reports and country profiles at the Monitoron theMonitor website; HI, Voices from the Ground: Landmine and Explosive Remnants of War Survivors Speak Out on Victim Assistance (Brussels, September 2009), p. 66; statement of Chad, Mine Ban Treaty Thirteenth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 4 December 2013; responses to Monitor questionnaire by Anne Catherine Roussel, ICRC, 7 April 2014, and 1 August 2016; and email, 9 April 2014.

[17] Statement of Chad, Mine Ban Treaty Thirteenth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 4 December 2013.

[18] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Julien Kempeneers, Deputy Desk Officer, Mine Action Department, and the HI Chad team, HI, August 2016; and by Anne Catherine Roussel, ICRC, 1 August 2016.

[19] ICRC Physical Rehabilitation Programme (PRP), “Annual Report 2014,” Geneva, 2015.

[20] Ibid; statement of Chad, Mine Ban Treaty Twelfth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 4 December 2012; response to Monitor questionnaire by Zienaba Tidjani Ali, CND, 2 April 2013; and email from Zakaria Maiga, ICRC, 29 March 2013.

[21] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Julien Kempeneers, and the HI Chad team, HI, August 2016.

[22] Statement of Chad, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socioeconomic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 May 2012; responses to Monitor questionnaire by Zienaba Tidjani Ali, CND, 2 April 2013, 17 July 2014, and 26 March 2015; and by Julien Kempeneers, and the HI Chad team, HI, August 2016; Chad National Plan of Action on Victim Assistance 2012–2014, May 2012; responses to Monitor questionnaire by Anne Catherine Roussel, ICRC, 16 February 2015, and 1 August 2016; statement of Chad, Mine Ban Treaty Thirteenth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 4 December 2013; ICRC, “Annual Report 2013,” Geneva, 14 May 2014; ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, May 2016; ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2014,” Geneva, 2015; Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form J, 1 March 2016; and Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form H, 5 March 2016.

[23] Statement of Chad, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socioeconomic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 May 2012.

[24] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Zienaba Tidjani Ali, CND, 17 July 2014.

[25] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Julien Kempeneers, and the HI Chad team, HI, August 2016.

[26] Chad National Plan of Action on Victim Assistance 2012–2014, May 2012, p. 4.

[27] Ibid., p. 5.

[28] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Zienaba Tidjani Ali, CND, 2 April 2013.

[29] Statement of Chad, Mine Ban Treaty Thirteenth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 4 December 2013.

[30] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Julien Kempeneers, and the HI Chad team, HI, August 2016; and by Anne Catherine Roussel, ICRC, 1 August 2016.

[31] Statement of Chad, Mine Ban Treaty Thirteenth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 4 December 2013; and ICRC, “Annual Report 2013,” Geneva, 14 May 2014, p. 132.

[32] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Zienaba Tidjani Ali, CND, 2 April 2013; and statement of Chad, Mine Ban Treaty Thirteenth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 4 December 2013.

[33] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Julien Kempeneers, and the HI Chad team, HI, August 2016; and ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, May 2016, p. 130.

[34] ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, May 2016, p. 130; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Anne Catherine Roussel, ICRC, 1 August 2016.

[35] ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, May 2016, pp. 129–130.

[36] ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2014,” Geneva, 2015.

[37] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form J, 1 March 2016; and Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form H, 5 March 2016.

[38] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Julien Kempeneers, and the HI Chad team, HI, August 2016.

[39] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Anne Catherine Roussel, ICRC, 1 August 2016.

[40] ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, May 2016; ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2014,” Geneva, 2015; email from Julien Kempeneers, HI, 4 March 2015; responses to Monitor questionnaire by Julien Kempeneers, HI, 23 March 2015, and August 2016; and United States (US) Department of State, “2015 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Chad,” Washington, DC, 13 April 2016.

[41] ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, May 2016, p. 128.

[42] ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2014,” Geneva, 2015.

[43] ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, May 2016, p. 131.

[44] Ibid.

[45] A physiotherapist and a technician attended courses in Benin and Togo, respectively, with ICRC support, which enabled them to upgrade their qualifications and better assist their patients. ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, May 2016, p. 129.

[46] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Anne Catherine Roussel, ICRC, 1 August 2016.

[47] ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, May 2016, pp. 128–130.

[48] Email from Julien Kempeneers, HI, 4 March 2015; and responses to Monitor questionnaire by Julien Kempeneers, HI, 23 March 2015; and by Julien Kempeneers, and the HI Chad team, HI, August 2016.

[49] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Julien Kempeneers, and the HI Chad team, HI, August 2016.

[50] US Department of State, “2015 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Chad,” Washington, DC, 13 April 2016, p. 21.

[51] Ibid.

[52] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Anne Catherine Roussel, ICRC, 1 August 2016; and by Julien Kempeneers, and the HI Chad team, HI, August 2016.

[53] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Julien Kempeneers, and the HI Chad team, HI, August 2016.