Yemen

Casualties and Victim Assistance

Last updated: 09 October 2016

Victim assistance commitments

The Republic of Yemen is responsible for a significant number of landmine survivors, cluster munition victims, and survivors of other explosive remnants of war (ERW). Yemen has made commitments to provide victim assistance through the Mine Ban Treaty.

Yemen ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) on 26 March 2009.

Casualties Overview

All known casualties by end 2015

6,854

Casualties in 2015

988 (2014: 24)

2015 casualties by outcome

168 killed; 820 injured (2014: 9 killed; 15 injured)

2015 casualties by device type

44 antivehicle mine, 2 undefined mine, 10 unexploded submunition, 932 unknown device

2015 cluster munition casualties

There were at least 104 new cluster munition casualties in Yemen in 2015
(see below for more details on these cluster munition casualties, including those occurring during attacks but which are not included in other mine/ERW (explosive remnants of war) casualty totals)

 

The Monitor identified 988 casualties (168 killed; 820 injured) from mines, ERW, and unexploded submunitions (mines/ERW) in 2015. The casualties included two boys, six civilian men, three security forces personnel from the United Arab Emirates, and two civilians whose gender was not recorded.[1]

The ICRC reported that 812 persons wounded by mines/ERW were admitted to healthcare facilities in 2015.[2] These casualties were reported to have occurred during the year, and thus were included in the Monitors’ annual global total of persons injured in 2015. The ICRC data was not disaggregated by age or gender; however, the ICRC noted that the majority of casualties were male.[3] Additional casualties were reported in the media and through NGOs, including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. Information on antivehicle mine casualties from the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Anti-Vehicle Mines (AVM) project included 39 casualties of antivehicle mines and 26 casualties of suspected, but not confirmed, antivehicle mines (unknown devices) in the total for 2015.[4]

It is likely that the actual number of casualties in Yemen in 2015 was significantly higher than that recorded. The majority of casualties reported were injured, while it appears that persons killed were significantly under-recorded. Media reports often only covered short periods of time and specific locations and incidents with high numbers of casualties; for example, 98 of the people killed by mines were recorded from mid-July to mid-August in three governorates: Aden, Abyan, and Lahij.[5]

In addition to the casualties recorded by the Monitor for 2015, a media report included an estimate of some 10 people killed and more than 80 injured by “landmine explosions” during a one-week period in Aden in July/August.[6]

The Yemen Executive Mine Action Center (YEMAC) registered 365 mine/ERW “victims” (293 men, 48 women, 20 boys, and four girls) across 14 governorates in 2015. It was not indicated how many were people killed or how many were injured among the casualties.[7]

The 2015 mine/ERW casualty total (988) represented a vast increase from past years. In 2014, the Monitor identified 24 casualties from mines/ERW from YEMAC casualty data and other sources. The ICRC reported five mine/ERW casualties received treatment in 2014.[8] However, there was likely significant underreporting due to the challenges to data collection caused by the intensified armed conflict.[9] Prior to 2015, the casualty total for 2012 of 263 casualties was the highest annual number recorded by the Monitor for Yemen since research began in 1999 and was due to the conflict and increased population movement in that year.[10]

Through the end of 2015, there were at least 6,854 mine/ERW casualties identified in Yemen.[11] A Landmine Impact Survey (LIS) identified 4,904 casualties through July 2000, of which 2,560 people were killed and 2,344 were injured.[12] In 2010, it was reported in the media that there had been 35,000 mine/ERW casualties in Yemen since 1995.[13]

Cluster munition casualties

In 2015, 104 casualties of cluster munitions were reported in Yemen. Of this total, 94 were casualties of cluster munition attacks: at least 14 people were killed in attacks (including six men, four women, and four children); another 80 people were injured in attacks, including at least five children. In addition, unexploded submunitions injured at least 10 people, including five children.[14] Of the total cluster munition casualties recorded in 2015, 89% (93) were civilians, and the remaining 11 were security forces.

Unexploded submunition casualties continued to be reported into 2016, with at least 16 casualties (six killed and 10 injured) from unexploded submunitions reported to June. Three of those casualties were deminers and the remainder were civilians. The number of cluster munition casualties during extensive cluster munition attacks in 2016 remained uncertain as of mid-July.[15]

Prior to the 2015–2016 use of cluster munitions, a cluster munition attack in Yemen in December 2009 was reported to have killed 55 people, including 14 women and 21 children.[16] In 2013, it was reported that unexploded submunitions remaining from the 2009 strike had killed four civilians and injured 13, through January 2012.[17]

Victim Assistance

In October 2013, there were at least 3,539 mine/ERW survivors in Yemen, many of them without adequate healthcare or livelihoods.[18] Updated national data on the total number of mine/ERW survivors has not been reported since 2013. However, the Monitor recorded an additional 835 survivors in 2014 and 2015.

Victim assistance during the Cartagena Action Plan 2010–2014

Each year, the victim assistance department’s program planned to reach a set number of survivors, though it nearly always fell short of meeting its target. Survivors not assisted through this program have faced significant challenges to access assistance due to the centralization of services in urban centers, far from where most survivors are. Women have faced particular challenges since cultural norms generally require that they travel with a male family member.

The Yemen Association of Landmine Survivors (YALS) is the mine action center’s implementing partner for economic reintegration activities. However, in most years, there has not been sufficient funding to implement this component as planned. Psychosocial support has never been included in the victim assistance department’s program and has not been widely available in Yemen. None-the-less, some local NGOs, including YALS, have offered this support when possible, given limited budgets.

Increasing levels of violence and insecurity led to the suspension of the victim assistance program in 2011 and prevented many survivors from traveling to needed services. For example, the Aden Rehabilitation Center, one of only four in the country, suspended its outreach program and its plans to build a new rehabilitation center, with support from ICRC, remained on hold through 2013.

YEMAC reached a significantly larger number of survivors in 2013 than in past years, facilitating their access to medical care and physical rehabilitation. However, as the security situation worsened once again near the end of 2013, most survivors continued to face significant challenges in accessing all needed services. YALS lacked sufficient funding to address the demand for its economic inclusion and psychosocial support programs.

No progress was identified in the implementation of the National Victim Assistance Strategic Plan 2010–2015 and survivors did not participate in the coordination and planning of victim assistance.

Victim assistance in 2015

The conflict in 2015 exacerbated the ongoing lack of services and access to services for survivors. Yemen’s medical system was overwhelmed to the point of collapse in 2015. Survivors lacked healthcare. A large number of survivors and families of casualties had no regular sources of income. As a result, they could not access long-term medical, assistive devices, or rehabilitation due to the high costs.

Assessing victim assistance needs

A survey by the Yemen Mine Action Center (YEMAC) identified 3,539 landmine survivors in Yemen as of October 2013, with 700 amputees on a waiting list for prosthetic devices. At least 755 survivors of armed conflict, including mine/ERW survivors were surveyed in Abyan.[19] In 2015, 365 mine/ERW victims were registered by YEMAC, even though the security situation prevented a victim assistance survey to international standards.[20] The Danish Refugee Council collected some data on mine/ERW casualties while providing referrals to Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) as necessary.[21]

Victim assistance coordination[22]

Government coordinating body/focal point

YEMAC

Coordinating mechanism

Victim Assistance Advisory Committee (inactive):  YEMAC with ministries of health, insurance, and social affairs; Mine Action Working Group

Plan

National Victim Assistance Strategic Plan 2010–2014 (inactive)

 

Ongoing conflict throughout 2015 caused all victim assistance activities including coordination to stop in Yemen. YEMAC delegated coordination with the Ministry of Social Affair’s Disability Fund (MOSUL) to YALS in 2014.[23]

In 2015, no significant progress was made in implementing or replacing the National Victim Assistance Strategic Plan 2010–2014 due to the conflict.

As of 1 July 2016, Yemen had not provided its Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report for 2015.

Survivor inclusion

In 2015, the planning and coordination of victim assistance was suspended due to the ongoing conflict.[24] Due to the conflict, up to 100 local disability organizations had ceased operations.[25]

Through YALS, survivors were involved in implementing income-generating projects, collecting data on the needs of other survivors and in distributing emergency food rations and other assistance.[26]

Service accessibility and effectiveness

Victim assistance activities[27]

Name of organization

Type of organization

Type of activity

Changes in quality/coverage of service in 2015

YEMAC

Government

Data collection, referrals, and support for medical attention and physical rehabilitation; support for accommodation and transportation

Decreased due to security situation

Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs

Government

Social Fund for Development and the Fund for the Care and Rehabilitation of the Disabled assisted disability organizations

Reach limited due to security situation

Aden Rehabilitation Center/Aden Association of People with Special Needs

National NGO

Inclusive education, and advocacy on the CRPD outreach services; all services gender- and age-appropriate

 

Yemen Association of Landmine Survivors (YALS)

National NGO

Peer support, economic inclusion program, and advocacy

Decreased due to security situation and reduced funding

Raqeep Organization for Human Rights

National NGO

Awareness of rights of mine/ERW survivors, documenting rights violations, advocacy

 

Arab Human Rights Foundation (AHRF)

National NGO

Psychosocial support

Ongoing at reduced levels when security situation permits

Save the Children

International NGO

Psychosocial support, mobility aids, support to vulnerable families

Ongoing when security situation permits

Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières, MSF)

International NGO

Emergency and ongoing medical care

Inhibited by security situation and attacks on facilities

Handicap International (HI)

International NGO

Psychosocial support, mobility aids, physical rehabilitation, support to three health facilities

Ongoing when security situation permits

ICRC

International organization

Emergency relief, support for emergency medical care, and support for materials and technical training for four physical rehabilitation centers; building modifications for gender/age appropriate assistance

Inhibited by security situation

 

Emergency and ongoing medical care

Yemen’s medical system was overwhelmed to the point of collapse in 2015. The ongoing conflict dramatically increased demand for emergency and ongoing medical care beyond the capacity of the medical system. In addition to increased demand for emergency medical care, import restrictions and local blockades prevented humanitarian aid, fuel, and medical supplies from reaching populations affected by the conflict.[28] Health facilities were also damaged during the conflict in what were reported to have been targeted attacks. MSF reported multiple attacks on their health facilities.[29] In mid-October 2015, the UN reported that nearly 600 health facilities had ceased operations due to damage or lack of supplies, fuel, and staff. In addition, 27 ambulances had been hijacked and almost 30 health workers killed or injured.[30] In 2015, conflict injured persons, including mine/ERW survivors, struggled to access emergency and ongoing medical care. Women faced additional challenges accessing medical care due to the lack of gender-sensitive services.[31]

The ICRC supported over 100 hospitals and health facilities in 15 governorates with donations of medical and surgical supplies in 2015. The ICRC organized emergency room trauma and war surgery trainings for medical professionals and surgeons from some 20 hospitals.[32] However, the security situation prevented the ICRC from holding a planned first aid training course with YEMAC.[33] MSF managed 11 hospitals or health centers and supported another 18 health centers in Yemen in 2015. In the last five months of 2015, the MSF hospital in Aden provided emergency surgery to more than 80 mine/ERW survivors.[34] The YEMAC referred casualties to three specific hospitals, two in Sana’a and one in Aden, for treatment in 2015.[35]

Physical rehabilitation

Poor security conditions and the lack of service providers were key challenges for access to rehabilitation. A lack of female rehabilitation professionals prevented women from accessing needed services.[36] Gender considerations were included in the composition of YEMAC victim assistance support teams, which included female survey assessors to facilitate the identification and interview of women and girls.[37]

The ICRC continued to provide support to four rehabilitation centers throughout the country. Approximately 27,000 patients received physiotherapy treatment from ICRC-supported centers. The centers also produced more than 650 prostheses. The ICRC continued to sponsor formal prosthetics and orthotics training for six students.[38] The MSF hospital in Aden provided some physiotherapy services to war-injured persons during 2015.[39] Handicap International’s (HI) early rehabilitation activities included the provision of assistive devices and training for healthcare staff.[40] In 2015, HI supported three health facilities in Sana’a to provide physical therapy and delivered more than 636 mobility aid devices.[41] YEMAC provided survivors with 321 wheelchairs and 44 pairs of crutches in 2015 from existing stocks; obtaining materials from outside the country was difficult due to ongoing conflict.[42]

Economic inclusion

In 2015, YALS undertook social and economic inclusion activities, including supporting the education of 57 survivors. The ICRC supplied sewing machines to YALS for economic inclusion activities. However, financial difficulties forced the closure of a YALS sewing workshop in Aden. YALS also distributed emergency food rations to approximately 100 survivors in June 2015.[43]

Psychological support

The conflict has increased the need for psychological support throughout 2015 and into 2016. Services were unable to meet the demand for counselling, peer support, and other mental health services.[44] The MSF-managed hospital in Aden offered some mental health services to conflict-affected persons.[45] HI implemented in-patient psychological support programs for survivors and other war-injured persons at three medical facilities in 2015.[46] Save the Children provided services including psychosocial support to almost 100 survivors in 2015.[47] YALS and a few national NGOs, such as the Arab Human Rights Foundation, continued to provide psychosocial support to mine survivors in some areas of Yemen.[48] A HI project was designed to include psychosocial support activities for persons with disabilities (in particularly conflict-injured individuals and their caregivers) and other potential at-risk groups.[49] In 2015, HI provided 910 persons (493 persons with injuries and 417 caregivers) with psychosocial support.[50]

Water, sanitation, and hygiene

In 2015, three out of four Yemenis struggled to meet their basic water, sanitation, and hygiene needs. Fuel shortages prevented piped water systems from reaching the population and supplies of clean water from water trucks were priced out of reach for most survivors and their families.[51] Water, sanitation, and hygiene kits were among the services provided to survivors and their families by Save the Children.[52]

Laws and policies

Legislation protects the rights of persons with disabilities, but they were poorly enforced and discrimination remained. No national law mandated accessibility of buildings for persons with disabilities.[53]

The Disability Fund in Sanaa, an independent body under Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour supervision, remained operational in some areas of the country despite limitations caused by the conflict. It supported a limited number of mine/ERW survivors to access education and surgery.



[1] ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, 2016, p. 526; Human Rights Watch, “Yemen: New Houthi Landmine Use,” 18 November 2015; “Three Emirati soldiers killed in Yemen,” Middle East Eye, 8 August 2015; Iona Craig, “Yemeni rebels 'mining civilian areas',” IRIN, 19 August 2015; Geneva Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD), “Anti-Vehicle Mine Incidents Map,” undated; and email from Rima Kamal, ICRC Yemen, 7 June 2016.

[2] The 812 mine/ERW survivors were among of 28,565 weapon-wounded persons in total admitted to ICRC-supported healthcare facilities in 2015; ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, 2016, p. 526; and email from Rima Kamal, ICRC Yemen, 7 June 2016.

[3] ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, 2016, p. 526; and email from Rima Kamal, ICRC Yemen, 7 June 2016.

[4] Data received by email from Ursign Hofmann, Policy Advisor, GICHD 7 July 2016; and GICHD/SIPRI interactive map, “Anti-vehicle mines (AVM),” 2016. To complement data from states and operators, the GICHD/SIPRI research team collected news items on antivehicle mines incidents. Casualty news items were included either because the reporter specifically identified the accident as antivehicle mine-related or because a set of criteria (such as incidents on roads outside of a city involving a vehicle, but excluding remotely-detonated bombs and causing multiple casualties) was strongly indicative of an antivehicle mine-related incident. In the latter case, displayed incidents are referred to as “suspected” antivehicle mines incidents. Due to a potentially lower degree of reliability in general and particularly in terms of location and device type, GICHD/SIPRI disaggregated media reports from reports from states/operators.

[5] Iona Craig, “Yemeni rebels 'mining civilian areas',” IRIN, 19 August 2015.

[6] This reporting was an estimate and lacked information on the means of activation and other details and thus has not been included in 2015 casualty totals. See, Nasser Al-Sakkaf, “An invisible killer on Aden’s streets,” Middle East Eye, 6 August 2015.

[7] This data lacked information on the means of activation and other details. Data is therefore considered to be insufficient to determine if it fits within the Monitor casualty definition and thus has not been included in 2015 casualty totals. Interviews with Ahmed Alawi, Executive Officer, YEMAC, Sanaa, Yemen, 29 February 2016, and 15 March 2016, and in Geneva, 19 May 2016; and Republic of Yemen, Victim Assistance Statement, Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings, 19 May 2016.

[8] ICRC, “Annual Report 2014,” Geneva, May 2015, p. 515.

[9] Ongoing conflict in both the northern and southern parts of Yemen prevented YEMAC from collecting and verifying casualty data from these areas. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), “Humanitarian Bulletin Yemen,” Issue30, 11 August–3 September 2014.

[10] Wethaq Foundation for Civil Orientation, “Landmine Victims in Kushar District, Hajja: Death Creeping Towards Innocent People,” undated but 2012; “Landmine victims in southern Yemen on the rise,” Reliefweb, 13 June 2012; and “Wanting to go home but threatened by landmines, Ahim area IDPs caught in limbo,” Yemen Times, 7 February 2013.

[11] Monitor media scanning for calendar year 2013; interviews with Ali Al-Kadri, YEMAC, in Geneva, 28 May 2013; and with Ahmed Alawi, YEMAC, 25 February 2014; email from Yuko Osawa, UNICEF Yemen, 7 May 2014; Monitor media scanning for calendar year 2012; Wethaq Foundation for Civil Orientation, “Landmine Victims in Kushar District, Hajja: Death Creeping Towards Innocent People,” undated but 2012; UNDSS, “Yemen Daily Report,” 27 March 2012, and 2 April 2012; email from Henry Thompson, Danish Demining Group Yemen, 15 March 2013; telephone interview with Ahmed Aalawi, YEMAC, 13 March 2013; UNICEF, “Unexploded ordnance and landmines killing more children in Yemen,” Sanaa, 20 April 2012; Monitor interview with neighbor of victim, 27 March 2012; Monitor media monitoring 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011; and interview with Ahmed Alawi, YEMAC, Sanaa, 8 March 2011.

[12] Survey Action Center, “Landmine Impact Survey Republic of Yemen Executive Summary,” July 2000, p. 15.

[13] Shatha Al-Harazi, “Yemen landmines kill 12 children this year,” UNICEF New Zealand,22 December 2010.

[14] Human Rights Watch (HRW), “Yemen: Cluster Munition Rockets Kill, Injure Dozens,” 26 August 2015.

[15] See, HRW, “Yemen: Coalition Drops Cluster Bombs in Capital,” 7 January 2016; and HRW, “Yemen: Saudis Using US Cluster Munitions,” 6 may 2016; Kate Allen, “British-made cluster bombs are turning up in Yemen. Will Cameron tell us why?,” The Guardian (Opinion), 23 May 2016; and Sudarsan Raghavan, “A cluster bomb made in America shattered lives in Yemen’s capital,” The Washington Post,10 July 2016.

[16] There was a credible report of a cluster munition strike in Yemen in December 2009 that killed 55 people, including 14 women and 21 children. Amnesty International, “Wikileaks cable corroborates evidence of US airstrikes in Yemen,” 1 December 2010. In addition, although there is no specific data available on casualties, cluster munitions remnants have been recorded in northwestern Yemen, apparently following use in 2009/2010 in Sadaa governorate near the border with Saudi Arabia. Interviews with Abdul Raqeeb Fare, Deputy Director, YEMAC, Sanaa, 7 March 2013; and with Ali al-Kadri, YEMAC, in Geneva, 28 May 2013; and email from John Dingley, UN Development Programme (UNDP) Yemen, 9 July 2013.

[17] HRW, “Between a Drone and Al-Qaeda,” 22 October 2013; and interview with Ahmed Alawi, Executive Officer, YEMAC, 25 February 2014. Previously, no confirmed cluster munition remnants casualties had been reported. Emails from Yuko Osawa, UNICEF Yemen, 7 May 2014; and from from Ali Al-Kadri, YEMAC, 5 October 2013.

[18] OCHA, “Humanitarian Bulletin Yemen,” Issue 23, 8 January–7 February 2014.

[19] Ibid.; and interview with Ahmed Alawi, YEMAC, 25 February 2014.

[20] Interviews with Ahmed Alawi, YEMAC, 29 February 2016; in Sana’a, Yemen, 15 March 2016; in Geneva, 19 May 2016; and statement of Yemen, Session on Victim Assistance, Intersessional Meeting of the Mine Ban Treaty, 19 May 2016.

[21] Email from Danish Refugee Council Aden office, 13 April 2016.

[22] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for the period 31 March 2013 to 31 March 2014), Form I; and interview with Ahmed Alawi, YEMAC, 25 February 2014.

[23] Interview with Ahmed Alawi, YEMAC, 19 May 2016.

[24] Ibid.

[25] Interview with Raaja Al Masaabi, Chairperson, Arab Human Rights Foundation, Sana’a, 5 April 2016.

[26] Interviews with Mohamed Alabdali, Vice-Chairman, YALS, Saan’a, 5 March 2016; and with Lamees Omer Ali, Chairperson, YALS Aden branch, Aden, 4April 2016.

[27] MSF, “Yemen: Crisis Update,” 23 December 2015; and MSF, “Yemen: Crisis Update,” 3 March 2016; ICRC, “The International Committee of the Red Cross in Yemen: Facts and Figures January – December 2015,” 29 January 2016; ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, 2016; interviews with Ahmed Alawi, YEMAC, 29 February 2016; and 15 March 2016; email from Majda Abdul Majeed, Save the Children International, Aden office, 10 April 2016; HI, “Yemen: Helping war survivors both physically and mentally,” undated but 2016; and interviews with Mohamed Alabdali, YALS, 5 March 2016; with Lamees Omer Ali, YALS Aden branch, 4April 2016; and with Raaja Al Masaabi, Chairperson, Arab Human Rights Foundation, 5 April 2016.

[28] United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), “Yemen Humanitarian Needs Overview 2016,” November 2015, p. 7.

[29] These health faculties included the hospital in Haydan, Saada governorate that was destroyed in October 2015, a tented clinic in Houban, Taiz governorate that was bombed in December 2015, and a hospital in Razeh that was shelled in January 2016. MSF, “Yemen: Crisis Update,” 23 December 2015; and MSF, “Yemen: Crisis Update,” 3 March 2016.

[30] OCHA, “Yemen Humanitarian Needs Overview 2016,” November 2015, p. 9.

[31] OCHA, “Yemen Humanitarian Needs Overview 2016,” November 2015, p. 9.

[33] Interviews with Ahmed Alawi, YEMAC, Sana’a, 29 February 2016; and 15 March 2016.

[34] MSF, “Yemen: Crisis Update,” 23 December 2015.

[35] Interview with Ahmed Alawi, YEMAC, in Geneva, 19 May 2016.

[36] ICRC Physical Rehabilitation Programme (PRP), “Annual Report 2014,” Geneva, May 2015.

[39] MSF, “Yemen: Crisis Update,” 3 March 2016.

[40] HI, “Operational Coordinator - YEMEN,” employment offer, 23 March 2016.

[41] HI, “Yemen: Helping war survivors both physically and mentally,” undated but 2016; and email from Frank Lavigne, Head of Mission – Yemen, HI, 18 July 2016.

[42] Interviews with Ahmed Alawi, YEMAC, Sana’a, 29 February 2016; and 15 March 2016.

[43] Interviews with Mohamed Alabdali, YALS, Saan’a, 5 March 2016; and with Lamees Omer Ali, YALS Aden branch, Aden, 4April 2016.

[44] OCHA, “Yemen Humanitarian Needs Overview 2016,” November 2015, p. 9.

[45] MSF, “Yemen: Crisis Update,” 3 March 2016.

[47] Email from Majda Abdul Majeed, Save the Children International Aden office, 10 April 2016.

[48] Interviews with Ahmed Alawi, YEMAC, 25 February 2014; with Mohammed Alabdali, YALS, 15 February 2014; and with Raaja Al Masaabi, Arab Human Rights Foundation, Sana’a, 5 April 2016.

[49] HI, “Operational Coordinator - YEMEN,” employment offer, 23 March 2016; and “Psychosocial Technical Advisor- YEMEN,” employment offer, 23 March 2016.

[50] Email from Frank Lavigne, HI, 18 July 2016.

[51] OCHA, “Yemen Humanitarian Needs Overview 2016,” November 2015, pp. 8–9.

[52] Email from Majda Abdul Majeed, Save the Children International, Aden office, 10 April 2016.

[53] United States Department of State, “2015 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Yemen,” Washington, DC, 13 April 2016.