Peru

Cluster Munition Ban Policy

Last updated: 02 August 2018

Summary: State Party Peru ratified the convention on 26 September 2012. It has participated in many of the convention’s meetings, most recently in September 2017, and has voted in favor of a key United Nations (UN) resolution promoting the convention in December 2017.

Peru has not used, produced, or exported cluster munitions, but it has imported them. Peru has reported a stockpile of 2,005 cluster munitions and 152,982 submunitions that must be destroyed by its convention mandated 1 March 2021 deadline. Peru destroyed nine stockpiled cluster munitions and 888 submunitions during 2017 as part of the process of preparations to destroy the stockpile by its 2021 deadline. It does not intend to notretain any cluster munitions for research or training.

Policy

The Republic of Peru signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 3 December 2008, ratified on 26 September 2012, and the convention entered into force for the country on 1 March 2013.

Peru has not enacted specific legislation to enforce its implementation of the convention. It reports the 2012 ratification decree and other regulations under relevant national implementation measures for the convention.[1]

Peru submitted its initial Article 7 transparency report for the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 1 August 2013. It has provided annual updated reports since then, most recently in April 2018.[2]

As one of the small core group of nations that took responsibility for the Oslo Process that created the convention, Peru hosted an international conference on cluster munitions in Lima in May 2007.[3]

Peru regards its work for the Convention on Cluster Munitions as “a complete priority.”[4] It has participated in all of the convention’s meetings.[5]

In December 2017, Peruvoted in favor of a key UN General Assembly (UNGA) resolution promoting implementation of the convention.[6]

Peru has condemned the “horrendous” use of cluster munitions in Syria and other countries, which it has called “alarming.”[7] It has voted in favor of Human Rights Council (HRC) resolutions condemning the use of cluster munitions in Syria, most recently in March 2018.[8] Peru has also voted in favor of UNGA resolutions expressing outrage at the use of cluster munitions in Syria, most recently in December 2017.[9]

In September 2017, Peru elaborated its views on the convention’s prohibition on assisting with activities prohibited by the convention, stating that it interprets Article 1 as prohibiting investments in the production of cluster munitions, that is to say, it bans the provision of financial assistance to producers of cluster munitions.[10]

Peru has not expressed its position on other important issues relating to the interpretation and implementation of the convention, including the prohibition on transit, the prohibition on assistance during joint military operations with states not party that may use cluster munitions, and the prohibition on foreign stockpiling of cluster munitions.

Peru is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty. It is also party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons.

Use, production, and transfer

Peru is not known to have ever used, produced, or exported cluster munitions. It however imported cluster munitions and possesses a stockpile.

Stockpiling

Peru has reported a stockpile of 2,005 cluster munitions and 152,982 submunitions, as listed in the following table. It possesses two types of air-deliveredcluster munitions manufactured in two countries from the 1970s until 1996:BME-330 cluster bombs from Spain, and RBK-series cluster bombs from Russia/Soviet Union.[11]

Cluster munitions once stockpiled by Peru[12]

Type

Quantity of cluster munitions

Quantity of submunitions

RBK-250-275 AO-1SCh, each containing 150 submunitions (manufactured in 1975)

388

58,200

RBK-500 AO-2.5RT, each containing 60 submunitions (manufactured in 1987)

197

11,820

RBK-250 PTAB 2.5, each containing 42 submunitions (manufactured in 1975)

657

27,594

BME-330 NA, each containing 180 SNA submunitions (manufactured in 1986)

89

16,020

BME-330 AR, each containing 180 SNA submunitions (manufactured in 1996)

53

9,540

RBK 250-ZAB 2.5 bombs

621

29,808

Total

2,005

152,982

 

In 2013, Peru initially declared a stockpile of 676 cluster munitions of three types and 86,280 submunitions.[13] It subsequently reported an additional 1,331 cluster munitions and 66,894 submunitions in 2016.[14]

Stockpile destruction

Under Article 3 of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, Peru is required to declare and destroy all stockpiled cluster munitions under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible but not later than 1 March 2021.

At the First Review Conference in 2015, Peru reiterated that its pledge to destroy the stocks by the deadline.[15]

Since 2013, Peru has destroyed 40 cluster munitions and 1,838 submunitions, including nine cluster munitions and 888 submunitions that it reported were destroyed in 2017 as part of the process of researching how to safely destroy the stockpile.[16]

Cluster munitions destroyed by Peru since entry into force

Type

Quantity of cluster munitions (submunitions)

RBK-500 AO-2.5RT

3 (48)

RBK-250-275 AO-1SCh

1

RBK-250 PTAB-2.5M

36 (1,650)

Total

40 (1,838)

 

The Peruvian Air Force is responsible for destroying the stockpiled cluster munitions, which are held at several locations, including Puntos Lobos Base in the Pucusana district, south of Lima.[17] Peru completed a “preparation and testing” phase for the stockpile destruction in 2016.[18] It held a planning workshop in Lima on 22–23 November 2017 to discuss destruction of the cluster munition stocks.[19]

Since 2015, Peru has received technical support for its stockpile destruction, including on potential disassembly and destruction techniques, from humanitarian mine clearance operator Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA), which conducted trainings in May and June 2018.[20]

Retention

Since 2013, Peru has reported that it does not intend to retain any cluster munitions for research or training in detection, clearance, and destruction techniques.[21]



[1] Legislative Resolution approving the Convention on Cluster Munitions (Resolución Legislativa que aprueba la Convención sobre Municiones en Racimo), No. 29843, 15 March 2012. On 25 April 2012, Decree 021-2012 approving ratification was signed and published in the official journal El Peruano the next day. Decree No. 021-2012-RE, 26 April 2012; “Ref. 464960,” El Peruano, 26 April 2012; and Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form A, 1 August 2013.

[2] The initial report covers the period from March to August 2013, while subsequent updates have covered the previous calendar year.

[3] For details on Peru’s policyand practice regarding cluster munitions through early 2009, see Human Rights Watch and Landmine Action, Banning Cluster Munitions: Government Policy and Practice (Ottawa: Mines Action Canada, May 2009), pp. 142–144.

[4] Statement of Peru, UN First Committee on Disarmament and International Security, New York, 9 October 2015.

[5] Peru has participated in all of the convention’s Meetings of States Parties, the First Review Conference in 2015 and intersessional meetings in 2011–2015, as well as regional workshops on cluster munitions.

[6] “Implementation of the Convention on Cluster Munitions,” UNGA Resolution 72/54, 4 December 2017. Peru voted in favor of previous UNGA resolutions promoting the convention in 2015 and 2016.

[7] Statement of Peru, Convention on Cluster Munitions Fifth Meeting of States Parties, San José, 3 September 2014. Notes by the Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC).

[8] “The human rights situation in the Syrian Arab Republic,” HRC Resolution 37/29, 19 March 2018.

[9] “Situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic,” UNGA Resolution 72/191, 19 December 2017. Peru voted in favor of similar resolutions in 2013–2016.

[10] Intervention by Peru, Convention on Cluster Munition Seventh Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 5 September 2017.

[11] During the Oslo Process, in May 2007, Peru’s Minister of Defense first publicly disclosed that the Peruvian Air Force stocks of BME-330 cluster bombs, RBK-500 cluster bombs, and CB-470 cluster bombs. Ángel Páez, “Peru se suma a iniciativa mundial para prohibir y destruir las ‘bombas de racimo’” (“Peru joins global initiative to ban and destroy the ‘cluster bombs’”), La República.pe, 29 May 2007. In May 2007, a member of the national media showed Human Rights Watch photographs of these cluster munitions. See also, ÁngelPáez, “Se eliminarán las bombas de racimo” (“Cluster bombs will be eliminated”), La República.pe, 29 May 2007.

[12] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form B, 2018. However, information provided by Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) in July 2018 indicates that the cumulative totals presented in transparency reports contained some accounting errors and the information is being re-evaluated in conjunction with Peruvian stakeholders. Email from Han Risser, Head of Operations, Department for Humanitarian Disarmament, NPA, 27 July 2018.

[13] Peru reported that the stockpile is “Vencida por tiempo límite de vida,” which translates as “expired” and stated that there is “no information on the batch numbers for the submunitions.” See, Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form B, August 2013.

[14] 657 RBK-250 PTAB 2.5 cluster bombs and27,594 submunitions and 53 BME-330 AR and9,540 submunitions. Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form B, 2016.

[15] Statement of Peru, Convention on Cluster Munitions First Review Conference, Dubrovnik, 11 September 2015. Previously, in April 2014, Peru expressed its commitment to destroy the stockpile by the convention’s deadline and said it had requested international cooperation and assistance to do so. Statement of Peru, Convention on Cluster Munitions Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 7 April 2014.

[16] Peru stated the nine cluster bombs and 888 submunition were destroyed in 2017. See, Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form B, April 2018. However, information provided by NPA in July 2018 indicates that the cumulative totals presented in transparency reports contain some accounting errors and the information is being re-evaluated in conjunction with Peruvian stakeholders. Email from Han Risser, NPA, 27 July 2018.

[18] Statement of Peru, Convention on Cluster Munitions Sixth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 6 September 2016; and Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form B, 2017.

[21] See, Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Reports, Form C, August 2013; 7 May 2014; and 3 June 2015. Prior to 2013, Peru indicated it would retain cluster munitions for training. See, statement of Peru, Convention on Cluster Munitions Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 18 April 2012.


Mine Ban Policy

Last updated: 31 October 2011

Commitment to the Mine Ban Treaty

Mine Ban Treaty status

State Party

National implementation measures

Law No. 28824 enacted on 22 July 2006

Transparency reporting

16 May 2011

Policy

The Republic of Peru signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997 and ratified on 17 June 1998, becoming a State Party on 1 March 1999. Peru enacted domestic legislation to penalize violations of the Mine Ban Treaty on 22 July 2006.[1]

On 16 May 2011, Peru submitted its 12th Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report, for the period from March 2010 to March 2011.

Peru attended the Tenth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in Geneva in November–December 2010, as well as the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in June 2011.

Peru served as co-chair of the Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration in 2010, and as co-rapporteur of the Standing Committee on the General Status and Operations of the Convention in 2011.

Peru is party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons and its Amended Protocol II on landmines.

Production, transfer, stockpiling, and retention

Peru is a former producer of antipersonnel mines.[2] The Ministry of Defense has stated that Peru has never exported antipersonnel mines.[3] Peru used antipersonnel mines around its electricity towers and public infrastructure during and after the internal conflict of 1980–1992.[4]

Peru destroyed its stockpile of 338,356 antipersonnel mines between 1999 and December 2001.[5]

In May 2011, Peru reported that it retained 2,040 antipersonnel mines for training purposes, which is 2,050 fewer mines than previously reported.[6] In April 2010, Peru reported a total of 4,090 mines: 2,060 antipersonnel mines for training purposes and 2,030 mines retained for training that had been transferred for use “in the education and training of military personnel in basic and new techniques for demining.”[7] In 2009, Peru reported a total of 4,047 mines retained for training purposes.[8]  Peru did not report in any detail on the intended purpose and actual use of its retained mines.

Use

Since early 2007, remnants of the non-state armed group Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) have reportedly used victim-activated explosive devices, referred to as “explosive traps.”[9] Victim-activated improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are prohibited by the Mine Ban Treaty.

In November 2010, local media reported that police had found 25 mines or explosive booby traps that it attributed to the Shining Path.[10] In June 2010, media reported that a Peruvian soldier lost his leg after stepping on a mine while on patrol near the perimeter of the Cerro San Judas army base.[11]

In October 2009, El Comercio reported that Staff Sergeant Sanchez EP Ipushima Euler was killed by a mine laid by the Shining Path.[12] Minister of Defense Rafael Rey reportedly stated that the mine was laid by the Peruvian Army.[13] Rey later clarified that an investigation into the incident had found the soldier was killed by an IED planted by the “narcoterrorists” (Shining Path).[14] In December 2009, Peru’s Vice Minister of Foreign Relations Néstor Popolizio confirmed that there had been no mine use by Peru.[15]

 



[1] Law No. 28824 imposes penal sanctions of five to eight years imprisonment. Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form A, April 2007; and statement of Peru, Seventh Meeting of States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty, Geneva, 21 September 2006. The text can be found in the Boletín oficial de normas legales (Official Bulletin of Legal Norms) of the legal newspaper El Peruano, www.gacetajuridica.com.pe.

[2] The police produced the DEXA mine until production facilities were closed in 1994, while the navy produced the CICITEC MG-MAP-304 and the CICITEC MGP-30 mines until production facilities were closed in 1997. Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form H, 2 May 2005; and Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Forms E and H, April 2003.

[3] Telephone interview with Gen. Raúl O’Connor, Director, Information Office, Ministry of Defense, 19 April 2000. 

[4] Peru has denied mine-laying during the 1995 border conflict with Ecuador. Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form C, 6 May 2004.

[5] Two destructions of a total of 11,784 antipersonnel mines between March 2000 and March 2001 are sometimes not included in Peru’s destruction totals. Peru destroyed the bulk of its stockpile, 321,730 mines, between 30 May and 13 September 2001. Peru declared stockpile destruction complete in September 2001, but then destroyed a further 926 mines in December 2001 that it had intended to retain for training. See Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 658.

[6] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form D, 16 May 2011. The mines held by the army are: 676 CICITEC (MGP), 600 M18-A1 Claymore, 500 PMA-3, 209 PMB-6N, and 30 POMZ-2M, while the Security Division (División de Seguridad, DIVSECOM) has 25 MAP-87.

[7] The mines transferred for training purposes are: 500 PMD6, 99 CICITEC (MGP), 100 M35C/ESC M5, 525 M-409, 291 PMA-6N, 470 PMNZ-2M (probably POMZ-2M), and 45 MAP-87. Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form D, 29 April 2010.

[8] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form D, 29 April 2009. Peru reported a total of 4,047 mines retained for training purposes: 775 CICITEC (MGP), 600 M18-A1 Claymore, 525 M409, 500 PMA-3, 500 PMB-6N (possibly PMD-6M), 500 PMD-6, 500 POMZ-2M, 100 M35 C/ESP M5, and 47 CICITEC mines. All are held by the army, except the 47 CICITEC mines, which are held by INPE.

[9] One article cited use of “explosive traps” in 24 attacks. “Las minas artesanales y trampas explosivas. Asesinos silenciosos en el Alto Huallaga” (“Artisanal mines and explosive traps. Silence murders in the Alto Huallaga”), InfoRegion (Lima), 28 October 2008, www.inforegion.pe. In the past decade, the only other reports of use of antipersonnel mines or antipersonnel mine-like devices by Shining Path came in June and July 2003. See Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 657. There were isolated reports of incidents involving explosive devices in subsequent years. See Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 476; and Landmine Monitor Report 2006, p. 588.

[10] “Ataque senderista contra campamento del Corah al norte de Tocache mata a un policía y hiere a otro” (“Shining Path attack against Corah camp north of Tocache kills a policeman and wounds another”), IDL-Reporteros, 6 November 2010, idl-reporteros.pe.

[11] Miguel Gutiérrez R., “Mina que mató a sargento fue colocada por las FFAA” (“Mine that killed sergeant was placed by the armed forces”), La República (Lima), 15 October 2009, larepublica.pe.

[12] “Muere sargento EP en Vizcatán al pisar mina senderista” (“EP sergeant dies after stepping on Shining Path mine”), El Comercio (Lima), 13 October 2009, elcomercio.pe.

[13] Original text: “Desgraciadamente fue una mina nuestra. Toda esa zona está minada para evitar ataques externos, y (Euler Sánchez ) no tuvo la precaución de ir por los lugares que estaban indicados. Pisó una mina nuestra; eso le ocasionó la muerte.” Miguel Gutiérrez R., “Mina que mató a sargento fue colocada por las FFAA” (“Mine that killed sergeant was placed by the armed forces”), La República (Lima), 15 October 2009, larepublica.pe.

[14] Letter from Rafael Rey, Minister of Defense, to the ICBL, 27 November 2009.

[15] He also said the Ministry of Defense had sent instructions to ensure the armed forces have the right information on legal obligations and international commitments, and that the Ministry of Defense had checked the stockpile of retained mines and none were missing. Notes from ICBL meeting with Néstor Popolizio Bardales, Vice Minister of Foreign Relations, and Wilyam Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, in Cartagena, 3 December 2009.


Mine Action

Last updated: 07 November 2018

 

Treaty status

Mine Ban Treaty

State Party
Article 5 deadline: 31 December 2024
On track to meet deadline

Mine action management

National mine action management actors

Interministerial Executive Council of the Peruvian Mine Action Center (Centro Peruano de Acción contra las Minas Antipersonal, CONTRAMINAS)

Mine action strategic plan

Updated National Plan for Humanitarian Demining 2018–2024

Mine action standards

Binational Manual for Humanitarian Demining, adopted with Ecuador in accordance with the International Mine Action Standards (IMAS)

Operators in 2017

Peruvian Army’s Directorate General for Humanitarian Demining (DIGEDEHUME)
CONTRAMINAS Security Division (DIVSECOM)

Extent of contamination as of March 2018

Landmines

0.4km2

Cluster munition remnants

None

Land release in 2017

Landmines

0.27km2 released. 9,246m2 cleared, 7,171m2 reduced through technical survey and 10,738mcancelled through non-technical survey
396 antipersonnel mines destroyed

Progress

Landmines

Peru has provided conflicting estimates of the extent of remaining contamination. Its clearance output declined in 2017. Nevertheless, Peru should be able to complete clearance before its Article 5 deadline, particularly if it fulfils its plan to use mine detection dogs and mechanical assets to speed up land release

 

Contamination

Mine contamination in the Republic of Peru results from a 1995 border conflict with Ecuador. The mined section of the border was predominantly in the Condor mountain range that was at the center of the dispute.

Peru has provided inconsistent figures for its remaining contamination. In its latest Article 7 transparency report for March 2017 to March 2018, Peru stated that as of March 2018, remaining mine contamination totaled 426,325macross 134 confirmed hazardous areas (CHAs) and, in the same report, it also stated there was 396,171macross 124 CHAs.[1] As set out in the table in the strategic planning section below, Peru has planned for clearance beginning in January 2018 of 127 areas covering 491,279m2, which is more than the total remaining mine contamination.[2]

As of early August 2016, 140 suspected hazardous areas (SHAs) were said to cover a total of 479,994min the districts of Achuime, Cenepa, Santiago, and the square kilometer of Tiwinza.[3] Peru variously stated in its Article 7 transparency report for March 2016 to March 2017 that, as of March 2017, remaining mine contamination totaled 475,174macross 140CHAs, but in the same report it also claimed that as of the end of 2016, 426,325mremained across 134 CHAs.[4]

The size and extent of mined areas varies widely, with one such area only 5min size while the largest, by far, is estimated to extend over 160,000m2. In fact, most of this large area should be released by survey, without the need for recourse to full clearance.[5] The true amount of contaminated land is probably no more than 100,000mas Peru does not use polygons to delineate hazardous areas, despite having detailed mine maps of almost all the affected areas.[6]

Program Management

The national mine action program is managed by CONTRAMINAS, which is chaired by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. CONTRAMINAS is responsible for setting strategy and priorities and for overall coordination of mine action activities.

Strategic planning

According to Peru’s “Updated National Plan for Humanitarian Demining 2018–2024,” which was submitted to the Committee on Article 5 Implementation in May 2018, remaining suspected mine contamination of some 0.49kmspread across 127 SHAs will be released by 31 December 2024. This is more than the amount of contamination reported in Peru’s latest Article 7 report. Peru expected to clear 8,089 mines from the areas.[7] The plan for the seven years beginning 1 January 2018 is as follows:

Planned clearance in 2018–2024[8]

Year

Sector

Mined areas

Area (m2)

Antipersonnel mines

2018

Tiwinza

16

119,415

2,697

2019

Cenepa

13

92,850

627

2020

Achuime

20

9,458

746

2021

Cenepa

16

12,301

653

2022

Cenepa – Santiago

18

180,965

392

2023

Santiago

16

28,225

838

2024

Santiago

28

48,065

2,136

Total

 

127

491,279

8,089

 

Peru has also includes a plan for the clearance of the Tiwinza square kilometer to be conducted by the joint Ecuador-Peru Binational Humanitarian Demining Unit. In contrast to the information provided by Ecuador, the plan is for five mined areas totaling 70,100m2, which are to be cleared in 2018.[9]

Legislation and standards

CONTRAMINAS was created in December 2002 after the issuance of a “Supreme Decree,” in an additional “Supreme Decree” issued in July 2005, which regulates CONTRAMINAS.[10] Directive No. 001 regulates humanitarian demining operations at DIGEDEHUME, while Directive No. 006 regulates compliance under the Mine Ban Treaty.[11]

In April 2013, under the Binational Cooperation Program (Programa Binacional de Cooperación) established in 2000, Ecuador and Peru adopted a Binational Manual for Humanitarian Demining to unify the demining procedures of both states in accordance with the IMAS.

Quality management

Quality management is conducted through DIGEDEHUME, headquartered in Lima.[12]

Operators

DIGEDEHUME is responsible for carrying out demining on the border with Ecuador with two demining teams each of 60 deminers. The CONTRAMINAS Security Division (DIVSECOM), which is responsible for supporting DIGEDHUME with demining operations, has 40 police officers trained in demining.[13]

In 2015, mine detection dogs (MDDs) were used to identify mines for the first time.[14] In its revised second Article 5 deadline extension request, Peru announced that it would be using both machines and MDDs for demining, which as of May 2018, had not yet been introduced.[15] In its updated workplan submitted May 2018, Peru one of its specific strategic objectives for 2018–2024 included the development, design, and implementation of new humanitarian demining techniques, such as with machines or dogs.[16]

Land Release

The total mined area reportedly released in 2017 was 27,154m2, a 40% reduction on the 48,849mreleased the previous year.

Survey in 2017

In 2017, Peru reported that it reduced 7,171mby technical survey and cancelled 10,738mby non-technical survey in Tiwinza.[17]

Clearance in 2017

In 2017, Peru reported that it cleared 9,246min Tiwinza, with the destruction of 396 antipersonnel mines.[18]

Article 5 Compliance

Under Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty (and in accordance with the seven years and 10 months’ extension granted by States Parties in 2016), Peru is required to destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, but not later than 31 December 2024. This is Peru’s second Article 5 deadline extension.

In the last five years, Peru has reported clearing a total of under 140,000mof mined area with the destruction of about 6,000 mines (see table below).

Mine clearance in 2013–2017[19]

Year

Area cleared (m2)

Mines destroyed

2017

9,246

396*

2016

18,317

1,886**

2015

76,335

897

2014

8,458

478

2013

25,715

2,374

Total

138,071

6,031

* Covers the period April 2017 to March 2018.
** Covers the period April 2016 to March 2017.

 

In its revised second extension request, submitted in August 2016, Peru estimated that US$38.6 million would be needed to finish the job, all of which was due to be funded by the Peruvian government.[20] This estimate was also included in its May 2018 updated workplan. Peru reported that while $3.88 million had been costed for 2018, the Executive Council of CONTRAMINAS had set the annual budget at $2.36 million.[21]

In granting Peru’s extension request, the Fifteenth Meeting of States Parties called on Peru to provide, by 30 April 2018, an updated workplan for the remaining period covered by the extension detailing the results of the activities to meet its strategic objectives, an updated list of all areas known or suspected to contain antipersonnel mines, annual projections of which areas and what area would be dealt with during the remaining period covered by the request and by which organization, and an updated budget.[22] Peru submitted an “Updated National Plan for Humanitarian Demining 2018–2024” on 30 May 2018. Included is an annual plan for demining of 127 areas covering almost 0.5km2, which is more than the remaining mine contamination. Peru’s estimates of remaining mined area differ, ranging from 396,171macross 124 CHAs, to 426,325macross 134 CHAs, and to 475,174macross 140CHAs.

 

 

The Monitor acknowledges the contributions of the Mine Action Review (www.mineactionreview.org), which has conducted the primary mine action research in 2018 and shared all its country-level landmine reports (from “Clearing the Mines 2018”) and country-level cluster munition reports (from “Clearing Cluster Munition Remnants 2018”) with the Monitor. The Monitor is responsible for the findings presented online and in its print publications.



[1] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for March 2017 to March 2018), Form C and F.

[2] Updated National Plan for Humanitarian Demining 2018–2024, May 2018, p. 11.

[3] Analysis of the request submitted by Peru for an extension of the deadline for completing the destruction of antipersonnel mines in accordance with Article 5 of the Convention, Submitted by the Committee on the Implementation of Article 5 (Costa Rica, Ecuador, Ireland, and Zambia), para. 9.

[4] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for March 2016 to March 2017), Forms C and F2.

[5] Discussion with CONTRAMINAS, Lima, 14 March 2016; and with the DIGEDEHUME, Lima, 15 March 2016.

[6] Discussion with CONTRAMINAS, Lima, 14 March 2016; and with the DIGEDEHUME, Lima, 15 March 2016.

[7] Updated National Plan for Humanitarian Demining 2018–2024, May 2018. A slightly different figure for remaining contamination as of 1 January 2017 was included in Peru’s revised second extension request, dated July 2016 but submitted at the beginning of August 2016: 411,694m2 as compared with 412,094min the first version of the request. See, Mine Ban Treaty Second Article 5 deadline Extension Request (revised), July 2016, p. 4.

[8] Updated National Plan for Humanitarian Demining 2018–2024, May 2018, p. 11.

[9] Ibid, p. 17.

[10] Supreme Decree No. 113-2002-RE; and Supreme Decree No. 051-2005-RE. Ecuador plans clearance of the 26 hazardous areas in the vicinity of the Tiwinza square kilometer to be carried out in 2018–2020 amounting to a total of 122,880m2 of clearance. Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline Extension Request, Additional Information provided on 8 September 2017, p. 10.

[11] Directive No. 001/2009/DIGEDEHUME-SINGE; and Directive No. 006.

[12] Presentation by DIGEDEHUME, Lima, 15 March 2016.

[13] Ibid., pp. 10 and 12.

[14] Presentation by DIGEDEHUME, Lima, 15 March 2016.

[15] Mine Ban Treaty Second Article 5 deadline Extension Request (revised), July 2016, pp. 5–6.

[16] Updated National Plan for Humanitarian Demining 2018–2024, May 2018, pp. 15–16.

[17] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for March 2017 to March 2018), Form F.

[18] Ibid.

[19] Statement of Peru, Committee on Article 5 Implementation, Geneva, 25 June 2015. Different figures for clearance were reported in 2016: clearance in 2013 was said to amount to 29,025m2, while clearance in 2012 was reportedly of 15,377m2. Presentation by DIGEDEHUME, Lima, 15 March 2016.

[20] Mine Ban Treaty Second Article 5 deadline Extension Request (revised), July 2016, p. 18.

[21] Updated National Plan for Humanitarian Demining 2018–2024, May 2018, p. 11.

[22] Decisions on the request submitted by Peru for an extension of the deadline for completing the destruction of antipersonnel mines in accordance with Article 5 of the Convention, 1 December 2016, para. e.


Support for Mine Action

Last updated: 11 December 2017

In 2016, international funding toward mine action in the Republic of Peru remained very low, with just one contribution reported from Norway totaling some US$100,000.[1]

The government of Peru provided $1.4 million in 2015 to its mine action program.[2] In 2012–2015, Peru contributed three-quarters of its total mine action budget ($6.6 million). No information on any national contribution was available for 2016.

Since 2012, international support toward mine action activities in Tajikistan has totaled some $2.3 million, and dropped by more than 95%.

In its second extension request, Peru estimated that a budget of $39 million would be needed to support its mine action program from 2017 to 2024.[3]

Summary of contributions: 2012–2016[4]

Year

National contributions (US$)

International contributions (US$)

Total contributions (US$)

2016

N/R

101,268

101,268

2015

1,433,532

123,945

1,557,477

2014

1,609,211

79,782

1,688,993

2013

1,600,000

153,192

1,600,000

2012

2,000,000

2,025,490

4,025,490

Total

6,642,743

2,330,485

8,973,228

Note: N/R = not reported.



[1] Email from Ingrid Schoyen, Senior Adviser, Section for Humanitarian Affairs, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 31 May 2017.

[2] Peru’s Second Article 5 Revised deadline Extension Request, August 2016, p. 11. Average exchange rate for 2015: PEN3.1391=US$1, Oanda.com, Historical Exchange Rates.

[3] Peru’s Second Article 5 Revised deadline Extension Request, August 2016, p. 11.

[4] See previous Monitor reports. 


Last updated: 04 December 2017

No mine/explosive remnants of war (ERW) casualties were recorded in 2016 in the Republic of Peru.[1] The last reported casualties occurred in 2014, when three casualties were identified.[2]

Three Peruvian citizens, however, became antipersonnel mine casualties in incidents in Chile near the border with Peru, in February and September 2016.[3] In recent years, the majority of casualties in Chile and Peru occurred in the border area between the two countries.

Previous to 2014, the last recorded casualty in Peru occurred in 2012, in the region of the River Apurímac, River Ene valley, and Mantaro (VRAEM), where there was one incident involving an improvised mine, also referred to as a “homemade mine,” that caused four casualties among soldiers from the antipersonnel mine deactivation unit of the Peruvian army.[4]

Since 2007, when the last confirmed casualty caused by factory-made mines was recorded,[5] most casualties identified have been caused by victim-activated improvised explosive devices (IEDs) in areas of coca cultivation.[6]

The total number of mine/IED and ERW casualties identified in Peru since 1991 is 463 (63 people killed and 400 injured).[7]

Peru has reported that it has registered 345 people as victims of antipersonnel mines, 150 of civilian origin, 119 military, and 76 national police.[8]



[1] Monitor analysis of media reports; Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (to March 2017), Form J; and email from Carlos Lujan, Volunteer Researcher for ICBL, 9 February 2016.

[2]Bomba que mató a una niña salió de antigua zona militar” (“The bomb that killed a girl was taken from former military zone”), El Comercio, 21 January 2014; and “Militar pierde ambas piernas al estallar mina antipersonal” (“Military officer loses both legs following explosion of antipersonnel mine”), La República, 16 October 2014. See Peru’s 2015 Country Profile on the Monitor website.

[3]Dos peruanos heridos tras explosión de mina en frontera de Perú y Chile” (“Two Peruvians injured after mine explosion at border of Peru and Chile”), RPP Noticias, 5 September 2016; and “Un hombre murió trás pisar una mina cuando cruzaba de forma ilegal a Chile” (“A man died after stepping on a landmine while crossing the border illegally to Chile”), Soy Chile, 8 February 2016.

[4] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Wilyam Lúcar, Coordinator, and Javier Santillán, Victim Assistance Officer, Peruvian Center for Mine Action (Centro Peruano de Acción contra las Minas Antipersonales, CONTRAMINAS), 17 April 2013; and María Elena Hidalgo, “Éstas son las minas caseras con las que Sendero mata a oficiales” (“These are the homemade mines with which the Shining Path kill officials”), Diario la República, 16 June 2012.

[5] Monitor analysis of media reports in 2007; interviews with Carlos Estrada, President, and Bruno Celiz, Secretary, Association of Victims and Survivors of Minefields (Asociación de Víctimas y Sobrevivientes de Campos Minados, AVISCAM), Lima, 6 and 19 March 2007; emails from Jorge Liza, Coordinator, Security Division (División de Seguridad, DIVSECOM), 3 March 2007; and from Carlos Estrada, AVISCAM, 6 March 2007; Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Reports, Form J, April 2007, and April 2008; response to Monitor questionnaire by Jorge Liza, DIVSECOM, 31 March 2008; and “Lanzan campaña para prevención de minas artesanales” (“Launch of campaign to warn against homemade mines”), Info Región (Lima), 6 December 2007.

[6] See previous editions of the Monitor on the Monitor website.

[7] This total includes 341 mine casualties recorded through 2015 by CONTRAMINAS (of which 147 are civilians, 119 military, and 75 national police officers; 15 female and 327 male). Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016; 109 ERW casualties were identified through 2014, 14 casualties caused by IEDs were identified between 2009 and 2013, along with one mine casualty in 2014 by the Monitor through media monitoring. Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016; and Monitor analysis of media reports January 2009 to December 2015.

[8] Statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, June 2017.


Casualties and Victim Assistance

Last updated: 26 December 2016

Action points based on findings

  • Ensure sustainability of services with adequate allocation of resources following the exit of the Organization of American States (OAS), Polus Center, and the ICRC.
  • Promote survivors and their representative organizations’ participation in coordination and planning of disability related initiative.
  • Enable the adoption of the Plan for Equality of Opportunity for Persons with Disability 2009–2018 by the different ministries involved. 

Victim assistance commitments

The Republic of Peru is responsible for a significant number of survivors of landmines, including survivors of victim-activated improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and explosive remnants of war (ERW) who are in need. Peru has made a commitment to provide victim assistance through the Mine Ban Treaty, Protocol V of the Convention on Conventional Weapons, and the Convention on Cluster Munitions. 

Peru ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) on 30 January 2008.

Casualties Overview

All known casualties by end 2015

463 (63 killed; 400 injured)

Casualties in 2015

0 (2014: 3)

2015 casualties by outcome

0 (2014: 1 killed; 2 injured)

2015 casualties by device type

0 (2014: 1 antipersonnel mine; 2 ERW)

 

No mine/ERW casualties were recorded in 2015 in Peru.[1] This represents a decrease compared to 2014, when three casualties were identified.[2] 

Two Peruvian citizens, however, became antipersonnel mine casualties in incidents in Chile near the border with Peru, in March 2015 and February 2016. The casualty in 2015 lost a foot in the Gallinazo area,[3] while the casualty in 2016 occurred in the Pampa Concordia area and died after having been taken back to Peru for medical attention.[4] In the last years, the majority of casualties in Chile and Peru occurred in the border area between the two countries.

Previous to 2014, the last recorded casualty occurred in 2012, in the region of the River Apurímac, River Ene valley, and Mantaro (VRAEM), where there was one incident involving a victim-activated IED, also referred to as a “homemade mine,” that caused four casualties among the soldiers from the antipersonnel mine deactivation unit of the Peruvian army.[5]

Since 2007, when the last confirmed casualty caused by factory-made mines was recorded,[6] most casualties identified have been caused by victim-activated IEDs in areas of coca cultivation.[7]

The total number of mine/IED and ERW casualties identified in Peru since 1991 is 463 (63 people killed and 400 injured).[8]

Victim Assistance

As of the end of 2015, there were 463 mine/ERW survivors in Peru.[9]

Victim assistance in 2015 

The Peruvian Center for Mine Action (Centro Peruano de Acción contra las Minas Antipersonales, CONTRAMINAS) is the focal point for victim assistance in Peru.

In 2015, efforts were also made to register mine/ERW survivors and other persons with disabilities in government social programs, such as medical insurance and pensions. Victim assistance in 2015 was reported to be more sensitive to vulnerable groups. However, access to services remained difficult for civilian survivors throughout the year because most were living in remote and rural areas and in conditions of extreme poverty with very limited employment opportunities.[10] 

In April 2015, the OAS’ Comprehensive Mine Action Program (Programa de Acción Integral contra Minas Antipersonal, AICMA) closed its program in Peru. For many years it had supported victim assistance activities by covering travel to health centers, housing, food, medical consultation, and orthopedic and orthotic equipment expenses.[11] 

Peru’s General Law on Persons with Disabilities, approved in 2012, regulates the adaptation of national legislation in line with the provisions of the CRPD. Under the coordination of CONADIS, a draft Plan for Equality of Opportunity for Persons with Disability 2009–2018 was being reviewed by relevant ministries into early 2016. 

Assessing victim assistance needs 

In 2015, CONTRAMINAS continued identifying victims from landmine incidents that occurred in the past, while improving the general knowledge on their situation, including their socio-economic condition, needs, and expectations. CONTRAMINAS was also in permanent contact with representatives of civilian, police, and military survivors. These surveying works established that, of the registered landmine survivors, 62% are affected by some kind of disability as a result of the accident.[12] During the year, CONTRAMINAS reported visits to landmine survivors and a survivors’ association twice a month.[13] However, survivors reported that no visits were made and no direct assistance, physical or psychological, was provided during the year.[14]

At the beginning of 2016, CONADIS launched both a Statistical Yearbook 2000–2014 (Anuario Estadístico) and the National Observatory on Disability. Both initiatives aim at providing detailed information on policies and norms implementation process and on persons with disability (gender, location, etc.) in order to facilitate research, public policy design, and programs and projects that promote the rights of persons with disabilities.[15] In 2016, the Committee on the Rights of Child recommended that Peru take measures to strengthen identification of children with disability, as 90% of them did not have a disability certificate, which limits their access to basic medical services.[16]

Victim assistance coordination[17]

Government coordinating body/focal point

CONTRAMINAS

Coordinating mechanism

Victim Assistance Consultative Committee: led by CONTRAMINAS, including representatives from CONADIS, National Rehabilitation Institute (Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, INR, NGOs, and survivor associations

Plan

National victim assistance workplan

 

In 2015, as a result of the coordination work by CONTRAMINAS, the Comprehensive Health Insurance (Seguro Integral de Salud, SIS), which provides orthopedic services as well as reconstructive surgery and transplants incorporated the automatic inclusion of civilian mine/ERW survivors into its mandate.[18] In 2014, SIS had announced that it would cover the cost of prosthesis and other orthopedic devices.[19]

In 2015, the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations, through CONADIS, contributed to a draft of the Plan for Equality of Opportunity for Persons with Disability (originally for the period 2009–2018) that incorporates inputs from civil society, including persons with disabilities.[20] The plan’s fundamental principles had been discussed previously in 2014 during a national workshop on disability led by CONTRAMINAS and CONADIS, with support from Mine Ban Treaty’s Implementation Support Unit, at which mine survivors were included.[21] In 2013, a similar meeting took place in which mine survivors and various representatives from all sectors of society also participated.[22]

In 2015, CONTRAMINAS, under the direction of the Ministry of External Relations, continued implementing Peru’s national victim assistance workplan developed in 2010, in coordination with CONADIS and the National Rehabilitation Institute (Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, INR).[23] The plan’s objectives include providing individualized support for socio-economic reintegration for all registered survivors and strengthening local healthcare and rehabilitation facilities in mine-affected areas.[24] However, survivors reported that no monitoring of the plan was carried out in 2015.[25] In 2014, the Polus Center concluded its activities, including support to the INR, due to a lack of funding.[26]

In December 2015, the INR led a workshop on multidisciplinary research on disability issues, with the objective of laying the foundations for strategy and policy design to improve life conditions of persons with disabilities. Among other participants were the Ministry of Health, CONADIS, the National Health Institute and universities.[27]

In its Article 7 report of the Mine Ban Treaty for 2015, Peru did not provide information on victim assistance and disability policy, only stating the number of casualties occurred during the year.[28] It did provide information at the Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings in June 2015 and at the Mine Ban Treaty Fourteenth Meeting of the States Parties in December 2015.[29]

Inclusion and participation in victim assistance 

Survivors and their representative organizations were included in the planning and coordination of victim assistance activities with CONTRAMINAS. CONADIS also made efforts to include survivors and their representative organizations in the planning of activities addressing disability.[30] However, according to civil society organizations and survivors, although CONTRAMINAS used to include survivors in the planning and coordination of victim assistance, in 2015, there was no participation in any meeting or event, national or international.[31]

In 2015, civil association ASISTEPOL, which represents retired police members who with disabilities resulting from the conflict in the 1980s, including landmines survivors, submitted a project to offer property to mine victims. The request was yet to be approved by CONTRAMINAS as of April 2016.[32] 

Service accessibility and effectiveness 

The SIS agreed to automatically register all civilian landmine survivors as beneficiaries, providing them with coverage for prosthesis and medical assistance. Other costs, such as funeral expenses and transportation are also included in this coverage.[33] Military and national police survivors have access to their own health program through their institutions’ hospitals, and benefit from pensions.[34] CONTRAMINAS reported that both the civilian and military insurance systems also benefit direct family members.[35] However, survivors reported that no services were available for their families.[36]

In 2015, resources were allocated to improve accessible transportation and access to services in 210 municipalities as a result of CONADIS coordinating with the Ministry of Finance.[37]

As in previous years, medical facilities and the country’s main rehabilitation center were centralized in the capital, while most survivors were based in rural communities and live in conditions of extreme poverty, making access to care difficult.[38] 

Physical rehabilitation, including prosthetics

The INR rehabilitation program includes physical and psychological care. In May 2015, the INR signed an agreement with the SIS, guaranteeing free rehabilitation services to the most vulnerable populations and people without health insurance. The agreement was implemented in June of the same year.[39] Later in the year, the institution also signed an agreement with the health faculty at San Juan Bautista University in Lima to improve the quality of rehabilitation training.[40] Due to the distance to the capital, the center remained inaccessible to most survivors living in rural, remote areas. Rehabilitation services for children, especially in remote and rural areas, were also largely inaccessible, partly due to the limited coverage provided.[41] In 2015, construction was undertaken to increase the services offered.[42]

CONTRAMINAS, with support from the OAS through the AICMA program, continued to offer physical and psychological support through partners in the first months of 2015. (The partners were the INR, the National Institute of Ophtalmology and Hospital Daniel A. Carrión de Huancayo.[43]) In April 2015, the OAS stopped providing victim assistance support in the country.[44]

Due to budget cuts, the ICRC SFD no longer partnered with the INR in 2015. However, the SFD continued to monitor the situation to ensure that people were receiving services, including prosthetics.[45] The SFD also sponsored a distance-learning course for two Peruvian rehabilitation technicians at Don Bosco University.[46]

Import restrictions in Peru made it difficult to reach self-sufficiency for rehabilitation centers.[47] To facilitate the process of importing rehabilitation materials, in 2015 the ICRC SFD held meetings with the INR, CONADIS, the Ministry of Health, and the SIS.[48]

Social and economic inclusion 

In 2014, the Ministry of Work and Employment included a disability component in its surveys and approved guidelines for provision of employment services for persons with disabilities. An “Action Plan for the Improvement of Employability of Persons with Disability through Employment Centers” was also approved, which aims at training and employing persons with disabilities in nine regions of the country.[49] In collaboration with the INR’s vocational rehabilitation program, the Ministry of Work and Employment offered workshops to persons with disabilities to strengthen their job searching skills in 2015.[50]

From 2012 to June 2014, 1,720 persons with disabilities had benefited from a socio-economic inclusion program operated by CONADIS, entitled, I Am Able (Soy Capaz). The program also developed a registry of inclusive institutions.[51]

A pilot program called Tumbes Accessible, launched by CONADIS in 2012, aimed to improve the lives of persons with disabilities in regions outside the capital and remote areas.[52] In 2014 and through 2015, replications of the program were initiated in the regions of Huanuco and Piura.[53]

Access to inclusive education was still very limited for children with disabilities, in particular in remote and rural areas.[54] However, the Plan for Equality of Opportunity for Persons with Disability, under ministerial review in early 2016, addresses inclusive education.[55]

Laws and policies 

In 2009, after a broad national consultation, Peru launched its Plan for Equality of Opportunity for Persons with Disability 2009–2018 under the general coordination of CONADIS to protect and promote the full and equal enjoyment of the rights of persons with disabilities with concrete actions in the health, education, social development, and employment sectors.[56] As of March 2016, the plan was still under government review and awaiting approval for it to become the operating framework for the National Roadmap for Integration System of People with Disabilities (Sistema Nacional para la Integración de las Personas con Discapacidad, SINAPEDIS).[57]

The regulations for implementing the national Law for Persons with Disabilities were approved in April 2014.[58] The law establishes budgetary requirements and quotas for various government ministries and the private sector to ensure the promotion of the rights of persons with disabilities.[59] In 2014, the government approved the provision of non‐contributory pensions for people with severe disability and poverty, including mine/ERW survivors.[60] 

Legislation prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities and provides for their protection, care, rehabilitation, security, and social inclusion. The law mandates that all public spaces must be accessible and provides for the appointment of a disability rights specialist in the Ombudsman’s Office and establishes employment quotas for persons with disabilities. State resources for enforcement of the law and training on disability issues were limited and many persons with disabilities remained economically and socially marginalized.[61] The national Transportation Development Plan included objectives to gradually address the needs of persons with disabilities.[62] Overall, little effort was made to improve accessibility to public buildings.[63]

In 2016, the Committee on the Rights of the Child reported that widespread discrimination and violence against children with disabilities continued.[64]



[1] Monitor analysis of media reports 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2015; and email from Carlos Lujan, Volunteer Researcher for ICBL, 9 February 2016.

[2]Bomba que mató a una niña salió de antigua zona militar” (“The bomb that killed a girl was taken from former military zone”), El Comercio, 21 January 2014; “Militar pierde ambas piernas al estallar mina antipersonal” (“Military officer loses both legs following explosion of antipersonnel mine”), La República, 16 October 2014. See Peru’s 2015 Country Profile on the Monitor website.

[3]Ciudadano peruano sufre la amputación de su pie por mina antipersonal en Chile” (“Peruvian citizen has his foot amputated following an antipersonnel mine explosion”), 24Horas, 1 June 2015.

[4]Un hombre murió trás pisar una mina cuando cruzaba de forma ilegal a Chile” (“A man died after stepping on a landmine while crossing the border illegally to Chile”), Soy Chile, 8 February 2016.

[5] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Wilyam Lúcar, Coordinator, and Javier Santillán, Victim Assistance Officer, Peruvian Center for Mine Action (Centro Peruano de Acción contra las Minas Antipersonales, CONTRAMINAS), 17 April 2013; and María Elena Hidalgo, “Éstas son las minas caseras con las que Sendero mata a oficiales” (“These are the homemade mines with which the Shining Path kill officials”), Diario la República, 16 June 2012.

[6] Monitor analysis of media reports in 2007; interviews with Carlos Estrada, President, and Bruno Celiz, Secretary, Association of Victims and Survivors of Minefields (Asociación de Víctimas y Sobrevivientes de Campos Minados, AVISCAM), Lima, 6 and 19 March 2007; emails from Jorge Liza, Coordinator, Security Division (División de Seguridad, DIVSECOM), 3 March 2007; and from Carlos Estrada, AVISCAM, 6 March 2007; Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Reports, Form J, April 2007, and April 2008; response to Monitor questionnaire by Jorge Liza, DIVSECOM, 31 March 2008; and “Lanzan campaña para prevención de minas artesanales” (“Launch of campaign to warn against homemade mines”), Info Región (Lima), 6 December 2007.

[7] See previous editions of the Monitor on the Monitor website.

[8] This total includes 341 mine casualties recorded through 2015 by CONTRAMINAS (of which 147 are civilians, 119 military, and 75 national police officers; 15 female and 327 male) in response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016; 109 ERW casualties were identified through 2014, 14 casualties caused by IEDs were identified between 2009 and 2013 along with one mine casualty in 2014 by the Monitor through media monitoring. Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016; and Monitor analysis of media reports January 2009 to December 2015.

[9] This figure includes 284 survivors of landmines through 2015 reported by CONTRAMINAS, 107 survivors of ERW as reported in June 2008, one survivor of ERW in 2014, and seven IED survivors reported in the media from 2009–2013. It was not known if any of the 109 survivors of ERW had since died from natural causes as of the end of 2016. Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS 7 March 2016; presentation by Dr. Juan Daniel Guillén Cabrejos, INR, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 3 June 2008; and Monitor analysis of media reports January 2009 to December 2015.

[10] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016.

[11] Email from Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 16 March 2016.

[12] Statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Fourteenth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 2 December 2015; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillaán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016.

[13] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016.

[14] Email from Sixto Beizaga Venegas, President, AVISCAM, 12 March 2016.

[15] CONADIS, “CONADIS presentó Observatorio Nacional de Discapacidad y Anuario Estadístico del Registro Nacional” (“CONADIS presented Nacional Observatory on Disability and Statistical Yearbook of the National Registry”), 17 February 2016.

[16]Concluding observations (2016) CRC/C/PER/CO/4-5,” Committee on the Rights of Child, 29 January 2016, p.12.

[17] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Wilyam Lúcar, and Javier Santillán, CONTRAMINAS, 17 April 2013.

[18] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016.

[19] Statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 25–26 June 2015.

[20] Statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Fourteenth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 2 December 2015.

[21] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (from April 2014 to March 2015), Form J, 18 May 2015; and statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 25–26 June 2015.

[22] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 14 February 2014; and ICBL, “ICBL Participates in Peru Victim Assistance Meeting,” 25 April 2013.

[23] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016.

[24] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Carola Hunter, Polus Center, 24 March 2011; and Theresa E. Kane, “Victim Assistance in Peru,” The Journal of ERW and Mine Action, Issue 15.1, Summer 2011.

[25] Email from Sixto Beizaga Venegas, AVISCAM, 12 March 2016.

[26] Email from Micheal Lundquist, Chief Executive Officer, Polus Center, 26 February 2016.

[27] INR, “Profesionales de la salud participan en Taller de Líneas de Investigación en Discapacidad y Rehabilitación 2015-2021” (“Health professionals participate in Research on Disability and Rehabilitation 2015–2021 Workshop”), Press release No. 170, 11 December 2015.

[28] Peru Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2015), Form J, submitted in April 2016.

[29] Statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Third Review Conference, Maputo, 24 June 2014; Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (From April 2014 to March 2015), Form J, 18 May 2015; statement of Peru, Victim Assistance Committee, Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 25–26 June 2015; and statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Fourteenth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 2 December 2015.

[30] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016.

[31] Email from Ana María Watson, Director, Institute of Human Security and Human Rights (ISHDH), 14 March 2016.

[32] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016.

[33] Ibid.; and statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Fourteenth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 2 December 2015.

[34] Statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 25–26 June 2015; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016.

[35] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016.

[36] Email from Sixto Beizaga Venegas, AVISCAM, 12 March 2016.

[37] CONADIS, “Municipalidades recibirán incentivos económicos por la implementación de accesibilidad para personas con discapacidad” (“Municipalities will receive financial incentives for the implementation of accessibility measure for persons with disability”), 28 January 2016.

[38] Email from Ana María Watson, ISHDH, 14 March 2016.

[39] INR, “INR firma convenio con Seguro Integral de Salud” (“INR signs agreement with Comprehensive Health Insurance”), Press release No. 063, 5 June 2015.

[40] INR, “INR firma convenio con la Universidad San Juan Bautista” (“INR signs agreement with San Juan Bautista University”), Press release No. 133, 23 October 2015.

[41]Concluding observations (2016) CRC/C/PER/CO/4-5,” Committee on the Rights of Child, 29 January 2016, p. 12.

[42] INR, “Se incrementará la cobertura de atención a personas con discapacidad” (“Coverage of persons with disabilities will increase”), Press release No. 087, 13 July 2015.

[43] Statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Fourteenth Meeting of the States Parties, Geneva, 2 December 2015.

[44] Email from Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 16 March 2016.

[45] ICRC SFD, “Mid-term Report 2014, The Americas,” October 2014, pp. 35–36; and ICRC SFD, “Mid-term Report 2015, The Americas,” October 2015, p. 33.

[46] ICRC SFD, “Annual Report 2015, The Americas,” June 2015, p. 37.

[47] ICRC SFD, “Mid-term Report 2014, The Americas,” October 2014, pp. 35–36.

[48] ICRC SFD, “Mid-term Report 2015, The Americas,” October 2015, p. 33.

[49] Statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Fourteenth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 2 December 2015.

[50] INR, “Pacientes del INR fortalecen sus competencias laborales” (“INR patients strengthen their professional competencies”), Press release No. 090, 17 July 2015.

[51] Statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Third Review Conference, Maputo, 24 June 2014; and Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (From April 2014 to March 2015), Form J, 18 May 2015.

[52] CONADIS, “Programa Piloto en Discapacidad Tumbes Accesible” (“Pilot program in disability Tumbes Accessible”), 15 February 2016.

[53]Piura avanza en reconocimiento de los derechos de las personas con discapacidad” (“Piura takes steps forward in the recognition of the rights of persons with disability”), Piura Region government website, 27 August 2015; and “Se da inicio al programa Región Huanuco Accesible” (“Initiate Regional Program Huanuco Accessible”) CONADIS Región Huánuco Facebook page, 27 February 2014.

[54]Concluding observations (2016) CRC/C/PER/CO/4-5,” Committee on the Rights of Child, 29 January 2016, p. 12.

[55] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016.

[56] CONADIS-MIMDES, “Plan de Igualdad de Oportunidades para las Personas con Discapacidades” (“Plan for Equality of Opportunity for Persons with Disabilities”), 2009.

[57] Statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Third Review Conference, Maputo, 24 June 2014; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Egdar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 7 March 2016.

[58] Statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Third Review Conference, Maputo, 24 June 2014.

[59] Statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 29 May 2013.

[60] Statement of Peru, Mine Ban Treaty Third Review Conference, Maputo, 24 June 2014.

[61] United States (US) Department of State, “Report on Human Practices in Peru 2015,” Washington, DC, 13 April 2016.

[62] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Javier Edgar Santillán Galdós, CONTRAMINAS, 14 February 2014.

[63] US Department of State, “Report on Human Practices in Peru 2015,” Washington, DC, 13 April 2016.

[64]Concluding observations (2016) CRC/C/PER/CO/4-5,” Committee on the Rights of Child, 29 January 2016, p. 12.