Vietnam

Casualties and Victim Assistance

Last updated: 22 December 2015

Summary action points based on findings

  • Adequate data collection mechanisms for the identification of victims and assessment of their needs are needed. Lack of a comprehensive and nationwide data collection system impairs accessibility and delivery of services.
  • Increased support to the rehabilitation sector is needed; it was estimated that less than 10% of mine/explosive remnants of war (ERW) survivors were able to access rehabilitation programs.
  • More opportunities are needed for survivors and other persons with disabilities to participate in the development, implementation, and monitoring of coordination and planning.
  • Greater efforts are needed to provide psychological support to victims.

Victim assistance commitments

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is responsible for landmine survivors, cluster munition victims, and survivors of other ERW.

Casualties

Casualties Overview

All known casualties by end 2013

105,035 mine/ERW casualties (38,958 killed; 66,077 injured)

Casualties in 2014

24 (2013: 50)

2014 casualties by outcome

8 killed; 16 injured (2013: 17 killed; 33 injured)

2014 casualties by device type

17 ERW; 4 cluster submunitions; 2 unknown explosive device; 1 undefined mine

 

Details and trends

On the basis of incomplete data,[1] at least 24 new mine/ERW casualties were identified in Vietnam in 2014, including four from cluster submunitions. All casualties were civilians and three were female. All but one of the casualties were adults.[2] While the 2014 total represented a significant decrease from the 50 casualties in 2013 and the 73 casualties reported in 2012, with no nationwide data collection mechanism, it is impossible to say whether casualties actually decreased.

At least 105,035 mine/ERW casualties (38,958 killed; 66,077 injured) have been reported in Vietnam. It was reported that from 1975 to the end of 2007, the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs (MoLISA) recorded 104,701 mine/ERW casualties (38,849 killed; 65,852 injured).[3] A 2014 report by MoLISA indicated that there were 5,094 survivors of mines/ERW in Quang Tri province.[4] The total number of casualties is not known due to a lack of adequate data and the absence of a nationwide casualty data collection mechanism.[5] The semi-governmental organization Project RENEW recorded 8,516 mine/ERW casualties (including 3,422 people killed) between 1975 and 2015 in Quang Tri province alone.[6]

Cluster munition casualties

At least 2,123 casualties from incidents involving cluster munition remnants were reported as of the end of 2014. However, one estimate put the likely total of such casualties as high as 34,000.[7] In many cases, the type of explosive remnants causing casualties could not be determined and all these were recorded as ERW casualties, although there were likely many among them caused by unexploded submunitions.[8] In addition, numerous casualties during cluster munition strikes have been reported.[9] A 2012 study of data for the period 1975–2009 found that 1% of the population of Quang Tri province had been involved in mine/ERW incidents and that unexploded submunitions were the main cause.[10]

Victim Assistance

The total number of mine/ERW survivors is unknown but has been estimated to be between 66,000 and 100,000.[11]

Summary of victim assistance efforts since 1999[12]

Vietnam does not have a national casualty data collection system. However, a major study of survivor needs was undertaken in 2006 and updated in 2010. Clear Path International (CPI) in Vietnam transitioned to national management. CPI continued the geographic expansion of passive casualty surveillance, while providing services to new survivors. Coordination among governmental bodies responsible for the provision of victim assistance and the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities improved considerably since 2010.[13] The number of survivors that received services by both government agencies and civil society organizations or NGOs gradually increased. The NGO and local government collaboration, Project RENEW, steadily increased its services to survivors and to the capacity-building of local medical institutions. Landmine Survivors Network Vietnam (LSNV) became the first organization to include survivors in the design and provision of services and the only international NGO to successfully transition from an international to a national NGO, becoming the Association for Empowerment for Persons with Disability (AEPD) in 2010.

By 2010, survivors had more opportunities to access free healthcare programs and inclusive education programs provided by the government and relevant organizations. Physical rehabilitation also improved in both quality and in the number of services available from existing service providers. Since 1995, the ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled (SFD) has assisted the Vietnamese rehabilitation sector to both increase the quality of its services and expand their geographical coverage to virtually the entire country, while serving the country’s most vulnerable populations.

The results of an ICRC-commissioned impact assessment of its work in Vietnam were published in March 2013 by the independent Norwegian research organization, SINTEF. Among the findings were that only 10% of those receiving services would seek prostheses if required to pay for them because of the cost compared to the quality of prosthetics available from other sources, as well as travel and time restrictions. The report also highlighted that around two-thirds of the beneficiaries link income improvement directly to access to prosthetic services.[14] The assessment further found that there was relative gender parity regarding accessibility of services.[15] The greatest improvements seen by organizations representing mine/ERW survivors and persons with disabilities since the Monitor began reporting on Vietnam in 1999 have been in the development of laws designed to protect their rights and provide access to services. Gradual improvements were made in economic reintegration by creating more employment opportunities and increasing accessibility to available services. Improvements were also noted in social inclusion activities. Poor survivors in rural areas were especially vulnerable. Reaching survivors in remote and rural areas remained difficult for service providers and generally these populations did not receive adequate assistance.[16]

Victim assistance in 2014

In 2014, services for mine/ERW survivors continued to improve in quality, quantity, and accessibility in Vietnam. However, outside major population centers, accessibility to services and activities was lacking, particularly in remote areas. A decrease in funding forced one NGO to halt operations and has had an impact on remaining service providers. A national organization, the Vietnam Association for Supporting Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)/Mine Action (VNASMA), with a mandate to support victim assistance as well as other activities was founded.

Assessing victim assistance needs

An ongoing nationwide impact survey conducted by the National Steering Committee for Mine Action (NSCMA) included information regarding casualties. The Vietnam Bomb/Mine Action Center (VBMAC), which is the secretariat for the NSCMA, also hosts the national database on casualties, which became operational in September 2011.[17] Despite these efforts, a lack of nation-wide reliable data on victims, affected communities, and their needs remained a barrier for effective victim assistance in Vietnam in 2014.[18]

MoLISA is responsible for the collection and management of information regarding persons with disabilities overall, including mine/ERW survivors.[19] A disability information system, which includes information on demographics, employment, healthcare, and education, was adopted by the Ministry of Health after a pilot project.[20]

In 2014, there were ongoing NGO activities to assess the needs of the survivors through regular implementation of projects and services.[21] During the year, Project RENEW worked with local institutions, including Health Service, Farmer’s Union, Women’s Union, Catholic Relief Services, and the Vietnamese Red Cross Society, to identify mine/ERW victims and families in need of support and what their needs were.[22]

Victim assistance coordination in 2014[23]

Government coordinating body/focal point

The Department of Social Protection under MoLISA is responsible for coordination, addressing the rights of persons with disabilities, and victim assistance

Coordinating mechanisms

The Victim Assistance Project within the National Mine Action Program (NMAP), managed by MoLISA; and the Landmine Working Group, consisting of national and international NGOs is also used to coordinate victim assistance

Plan

The National Mine Action Program includes the Victim Assistance Project.

 

Victim assistance is coordinated under the “National Mine Action Program for Vietnam Period 2010–2025,” as well as the “Victim Assistance Project for the Period 2012–2015” managed and implemented by MoLISA in cooperation with relevant local authorities. MoLISA’s Department of Social Protection is directly responsible for coordination.[24]

 The Victim Assistance Project for the Period 2012–2015 framework details key actions to be taken, responsible or cooperating agencies, and annual budgets. The project framework does not specify timeframes for the actions or the method of coordination. On 4 December 2013, MoLISA chaired the first national workshop on victim assistance in Hanoi, which gathered representatives of different ministries and governmental bodies, local authorities, foreign countries, national and international organizations, as well as three mine/ERW survivors. This event led to improved coordination and cooperation among different stakeholders in the project.[25]

The first official national coordination body of disabled persons’ organizations, the Vietnam Federation on Disability (VFD), was established in March 2011.[26] In late 2014, the VNASMA was established. The VNASMA was mandated to increase awareness of risks posed by UXO and to support victims of mines/ERW.[27] The VNASMA carried out some victim assistance activities in 2015 and laid the groundwork for expansion at the provincial level.[28]

The National Coordinating Council for Disabilities (NCCD) is responsible for the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). It also liaised with national and foreign organizations to provide protection, support, physical access, education, and employment to persons with disabilities, however the VFD began to take on some of its work.[29]

Non-governmental service providers also sometimes discussed the implementation of victim assistance at meetings of the Landmine Working Group.[30]

Inclusion and participation in victim assistance

The inclusion of mine/ERW survivors and persons with disabilities or their representative organizations in the planning and provision of victim assistance increased in 2014. They were consulted in the planning or monitoring of programs and activities. They also attended meetings, seminars, or workshops to contribute recommendations and share lessons learned in regards to promoting the rights of persons with disabilities.[31]

Despite this increase, survivors and other persons with disabilities did not have many opportunities to participate in the development, implementation, and monitoring of plans. MoLISA officially consults ministries and departments, however, in some cases the opinions and comments of survivors and other persons with disabilities or their representative organizations were taken into account.[32] Persons with disabilities and their representative organizations were consulted in the development or review of national programs, such as the national poverty reduction program, vocational laws, and various educational policies.[33]

Many NGOs have consulted survivors and other persons with disabilities on issues related to their needs and adjusted their services in accordance with survivors’ recommendations.[34]

Service accessibility and effectiveness

Victim assistance activities[35]

Name of organization

Type of organization

Type of activity

Changes in quality/coverage of service in 2014

MoLISA and the Ministry of Health

Government

Prosthetics and rehabilitation services

Ongoing

AEPD

National NGO

Peer support program; economic inclusion; loans to survivors and vocational training, referrals, counseling, and medical assistance in Quang Binh province; national advocacy for the rights of persons with disabilities

Ongoing

PeaceTrees Vietnam

International NGO with local partnerships

Medical assistance and education/economic inclusion for mine/ERW survivors in Quang Tri province

Ongoing

Vietnam Assistance for the Handicapped (VNAH)

International NGO with local partnerships

Operated six regional prosthetics centers in cooperation with MoLISA; provided vocational training and psychological support

Ongoing

Project RENEW

International NGO and provincial government partnership

Provided assistive devices and a prosthetic and orthopedic mobile outreach program and community-based rehabilitation for amputees; micro-credit projects and psychological support in Huong Hoa district, Quang Tri

Trauma care project ended; new cooperation with Catholic Relief Services on victim assistance programming

Clear Path International (CPI)–Vietnam

International NGO

Provided and facilitated emergency and ongoing medical care; prosthetics and rehabilitation; mobility devices; small grants, income-generating activities, educational scholarships, and sponsorship of Special Olympics sports; emergency relief support in partnership with local provincial government

Ceased operations

ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled (SFD), in cooperation with the Vietnamese Red Cross Society

International organization with local partner

Subsidized the provision of assistive devices and rehabilitation; identified amputees in need of prostheses replacement; covered transport and food costs, targeting amputees not covered by social security schemes; and supported the VIETCOT training center to build expertise in prosthetics and orthotics

Ongoing

Catholic Relief Services

International NGO

Began providing victim assistance services in partnership with Project RENEW

New cooperation with Project RENEW on victim assistance programming

 

Emergency and continuing medical care

In Vietnam’s central provinces, due to funding difficulties CPI stopped covering emergency medical care, surgery, rehabilitation, and prosthetics, as directed by the survivor’s physicians for survivors immediately following mine/ERW incidents and providing transportation and per diems during the patients’ treatment period. Although these services were extended to northern and southern provinces on a case-by-case basis in 2013; all services by CPI stopped in 2014.[36]

Based on a 2007 survey that found that 89.4% of trauma victims in Quang Tri province did not receive first-aid care, Project RENEW with Tromsø Mine Victim Resource Centre (TMC) and Quang Tri Department of Health undertook a project to improve trauma care. From 2007 until 2013, Project RENEW, TMC, and the Trauma Care Foundation from Cambodia ran annual trainings on “basic and advance life-support practices.” Although the project did not continue into 2014, more than 2,300 health workers in Quang Tri with 180 health workers from other provinces were certified and 1,200 village health volunteers were trained in first aid.[37]

Physical rehabilitation including prosthetics

The Ministry of Health has estimated that less than 10% of mine/ERW survivors were able to access rehabilitation programs in Vietnam.[38] In 2014, the ICRC SFD supported 1,180 persons with disabilities (60-70% of whom were mine/ERW survivors) to receive services including subsidized prostheses and mobility aids. About 20% of ICRC beneficiaries were new to the program in 2014. In 2014, the ICRC provided support to four rehabilitation centers. As part of the systematic quality monitoring system, the ICRC also conducted missions for technical support and quality assessment of services provided in the supported rehabilitation centers. Random assessments of patients receiving direct subsidies from the ICRC SFD were made and quality issues addressed with the partners concerned.[39] In March 2013, MoLISA issued a decision officially endorsing ICRC and partners’ recommendations regarding prosthetic and orthotic operational standards, which had been drawn up in December 2012.[40] In 2014, MoLISA and the Ministry of Health agreed to launch a national survey on mobility aids.[41]

MOLISA launched a project to improve rehabilitation services at commune health stations or clinics in 28 of the 58 provinces in Vietnam. In the pilot phase of this project, clinics in 10 provinces were upgraded to provide physical rehabilitation services, including for survivors. The project included trainings in psychological support and rehabilitation skills for health workers at the clinics.[42]

In 2014, Project RENEW provided support to persons with disabilities in four districts and also provided assistive devices.[43]

Economic and social inclusion and psychological support

Only 30% of persons with disabilities in Vietnam have stable employment or sufficient income to lead independent lives and support their families. A lack of decent work inhibits persons with disabilities from realizing their rights and often means they are living in poverty, at much higher rates than the general population.[44]

Those who require prostheses face even greater challenges if they are not able to acquire them.[45] In 2013, the VFD launched a project to be carried out in Hanoi and the three central provinces of Quang Tri, Quang Nam, and Binh Dinh over a three-year period to improve access to socioeconomic services for persons with disabilities.[46]

In 2014, CPI ended its micro-credit programs.[47] During the year, Project RENEW organized vocational training for mine/ERW survivors with visual impairments. Project RENEW maintained their micro-credit project, with 200 households participating in mushroom-growing for a sustainable income.[48] AEPD’s Supporting Livelihoods for Persons with Disabilities project ended in 2014; while a microcredit for livestock project to support persons with disabilities started during 2014.[49]

Psychological support was not widely available[50] and, although it was integrated in rehabilitation processes, did not receive separate government resources. Project RENEW organized a CBR training for 240 persons with disabilities and local health staff to improve peer support in communities.[51] Social inclusion services for survivors and other persons with disabilities were provided through both government and NGO programs.[52]

The ICRC SFD with the Spanish Red Cross and the Vietnamese Red Cross Society continued work on a social inclusion project in 2014.[53]

Laws and Policies

The first comprehensive national law providing for the rights of persons with disabilities came into effect in January 2011. The law prohibits discrimination against or maltreatment of persons with disabilities and requires equality in healthcare, rehabilitation, accommodation, education, vocational training, employment, and local transportation.[54]

In 2013 and 2014, James Madison University’s Center for International Stabilization and Recovery worked with Vietnamese organizations to promote the rights of persons with disabilities and the need to enforce the National Law on Persons with Disabilities. In 2014, 10 workshops were held regarding disability rights with participants including persons with and without disabilities as well as provincial government officials. AEPD also carried out a public awareness campaign on the rights of persons with disabilities.[55] AEPD integrated the needs of persons with disabilities into provincial disaster planning.[56]

Legislation requires that the construction or major renovation of new government buildings and large public buildings must include access for persons with disabilities. The Ministry of Construction units enforced accessibility regulations, primarily in major cities and pilot locations, as well as provided training on construction codes for inspectors and architectural companies in more than 22 provinces during the year.[57]

Vietnam ratified the CRPD on 5 February 2015. The (impending) ratification of the CRPD reportedly had already resulted in more coordination among stakeholders, review of the current legal situation of persons with disabilities, and discussions of best practices in implementation in 2014.[58]



[1] In 2014, casualty data was only available for Quang Tri province. Additional data for Vietnam was recorded through Monitor media scanning.

[2] Casualty data provided by Toan Quang Dang, Program Manager, Mine & Cluster Victim Assistance Program, Project RENEW, 2 March 2015.

[3] Email from Dang Quang Toan, Project RENEW, 9 August 2008. The additional casualties for 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 were reported by the Monitor, see the Vietnam country reports and profiles on the Monitor website. The Vietnamese government press reports that official figures show that mines/ERW caused 104,000 victims between 1975 and 2000 (42,000 killed and 62,000 injured). See Socialist Government of Viet Nam online newspaper, “Bomb and mine clearance plan approved,” VGP News,14 May 2013.

[4] Dang Quang Toan, “Project RENEW’s Prosthetics and Orthotics Moible Outreach Program,” Journal of ERW and Mine Action, December 2015.

[5] Presentation by Thao Griffiths, Vietnam Country Director, International Center-Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation (IC-VVAF), Side-event on “Mine/Explosive Remnants of War Victim Assistance: what role for information management systems?” Convention on Cluster Munitions Fourth Meeting of the States Parties, Lusaka, September 2013. The Vietnamese government press noted that the total number of casualties remains approximate due to “inadequate statistics.” See, “Hard to clear post-war bombs and mines,” VGP News, 14 May 2012.

[6] Dang Quang Toan, “Project RENEW’s Prosthetics and Orthotics Moible Outreach Program,” Journal of ERW and Mine Action, December 2015. See also “NGOs continue to push UXO clearance in Quang Tri,” Thanh Nien News, 6 May 2014.

[7] This estimate assumes that some 33% of all mine/ERW casualties reported since 1975 were likely to have been caused by unexploded submunitions. Handicap International (HI), Circle of Impact: The Fatal Footprint of Cluster Munitions on People and Communities (Brussels: HI, May 2007), p. 39; and Monitor analysis of annual casualty data.

[8] Email from Dang Quang Toan, Project RENEW, 28 June 2008.

[9] See for example, documentation on deaths and injuries caused by cluster munitions in the International War Crimes Tribunal–1967.

[10] Tran Kim Phung, Le Viet, and Hans Husum, “The legacy of war: an epidemiological study of cluster weapon and land mine accidents in Quang Tri Province, Vietnam,” in Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Vol. 43, No. 4, July 2012, pp. 1,036–1,041.

[11]Scrap metal search a risky business,” Thanh Nien News (Ho Chi Minh City), 30 May 2008.

[12] See the Vietnam country reports and profiles from 1999 to date on the Monitor website.

[13] MoLISA, Victim Assistance Project Period 2012–2015, Hanoi, 2011; Socialist Republic of Vietnam, National Mine Action Program Period 2010–2025, Hanoi, 2010; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Le Thi Khanh, Deputy Head of Planning and Finance Department, MoLISA, 25 May 2012.

[14] SINTEF, “Users of the physical rehabilitation services supported by ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled in Vietnam,” Oslo, 30 March 2013, p. 76.

[15] SINTEF, “Users of the physical rehabilitation services supported by ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled in Vietnam,” Oslo, 30 March 2013.

[16] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Thanh Hong, Vice-Chairperson, AEPD, 11 May 2011; interview with Dang Quang Toan, Project RENEW, in Geneva, 27 June 2011; response to Monitor questionnaire by Tran Hong Chi, CPI, 23 June 2014; ICRC SFD, “Annual Report 2012,” Geneva, June 2013, pp. 25–28; and SINTEF, “Users of the physical rehabilitation services supported by ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled in Vietnam,” Oslo, 30 March 2013, p. 9.

[17] Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, “Minutes of Meeting: Landmine Working Group Meeting,” Hanoi, 14 October 2011. NSCMA is alternately known as the National Mine Action Authority.

[18] Presentation by Thao Griffiths, IC-VVAF, Side-event on “Mine/Explosive Remnants of War Victim Assistance: what role for information management systems?” Convention on Cluster Munitions Fourth Meeting of the States Parties, Lusaka, September 2013.

[19] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Le Thi Khanh, MoLISA, 25 May 2012; and by Nguyen Thi Thanh Hong, AEPD, 11 May 2011.

[20] VNAH (Vietnam Assistance for the Handicapped), “After Successful Pilot, VNAH Data System to be Implemented Nationally,” undated.

[21] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Tran Hong Chi, CPI, 23 June 2014.

[22] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Ngo Xuan Hien, Project RENEW, 27 June 2014.

[23] MoLISA, Victim Assistance Project Period 2012–2015, Hanoi, 2011; and Socialist Republic of Vietnam, National Mine Action Program Period 2010–2025, Hanoi, 2010.

[24] MoLISA, Victim Assistance Project Period 2012–2015, Hanoi, 2011; and Socialist Republic of Vietnam, National Mine Action Program Period 2010–2025, Hanoi, 2010.

[25] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Tran Hong Chi, CPI, 23 June 2014.

[26] VNAH, “Updates VNAH and HealthEd,” Winter 2011–2012, p. 8.

[28]VNASMA lauded for impressive achievements,” People’s Army Newspaper, 12 November 2015; “Quang Nam province: livelihood for UXO victims,” People’s Army Newspaper, 8 December 2015; and “Da Nang branch planned for VNASMA,” Viet Nam News, 28 October 2015.

[29] United States (US) Department of State, “2014 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Vietnam,” Washington, DC, 25 June 2015.

[30] Vietnam Union of Friendship Organisations (VUFO) NGO Centre, “International NGO Partnerships for Development Report,” Hanoi, December 2013; and VUFO “Landmines Working Group,” undated.

[31] Macauley, Cameron and Heather Bowers Holsinger, “Building Capacity to Promote the Rights of People with Disabilities in Vietnam,” Journal of ERW and Mine Action, April 2015, pp. 12–15.

[32] Telephone interview with Thanh Hong, AEPD, 6 June 2012; ICRC SFP, “2014 Annual Report,” Geneva 2015; and US Department of State, “2014 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Vietnam,” Washington, DC, 24 June 2015.

[33] US Department of State, “2014 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Vietnam,” Washington, DC, 25 June 2015.

[34] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Tran Hong Chi, CPI, 23 June 2014.

[35] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Dang Quang Toan, Project RENEW, 2 March 2015; email from Thanh Hong, AEPD, 1 June 2012; US Department of State, “2014 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Vietnam,” Washington, DC, 25 June 2015; and US Department of State, “2013 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Vietnam,” Washington, DC, 27 February 2014.

[36] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Tran Hong Chi, CPI, 23 June 2014; and email from Tran Hong Chi, CPI, 23 March 2015.

[37] Dang Quang Toan, “Train-the-trainer trauma care program in Vietnam,” Journal of ERW and Mine Action, April 2015, pp. 28–29.

[38] Email from Thanh Hong, AEPD, 1 June 2012.

[39] ICRC SFD, “2014 Annual Report,” Geneva, 2015, pp. 18–19.

[40] ICRC SFD, “Mid-Term Report 2013,” Geneva, 2013, pp. 14–15.

[41] ICRC SFD, “2014 Annual Report,” Geneva, 2015, p. 18.

[42] “Landmine Victim Assistance In Vietnam - The Way Forward,” presentation by To Duc, Deputy Director General, Department of Social Assistance, Ministry of Labour, War Invalids and Social Affairs, Government of Vietnam, at the Southeast Asia National Society Workshop on Implementation of the 2009 Movement Strategy on Landmines, Cluster Munitions and other Explosive Remnants of War, Hanoi, Vietnam, 17–18 March 2015.

[43] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Dang Quang Toan, Project RENEW, 5 March 2015.

[44] Union Aid Abroad-APHEDA, “New project: Decent Work & Community Empowerment for People with Disabilities,” 19 October 2012; and SINTEF, “Users of the physical rehabilitation services supported by ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled in Vietnam,” Oslo, 30 March 2013.

[45] SINTEF, “Users of the physical rehabilitation services supported by ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled in Vietnam,” Oslo, 30 March 2013; ICRC SFD, “Annual Report 2012,” Geneva, June 2013, p. 25; and SINTEF, “Users of the physical rehabilitation services supported by ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled in Vietnam,” Oslo, 30 March 2013, p. 76.

[47] Email from Tran Hong Chi, CPI, 23 March 2015.

[48] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Ngo Xuan Hien, Project RENEW, 27 June 2014.

[49] AEPD, “Current Projects,” undated.

[50] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Tran Hong Chi, CPI, 23 June 2014.

[51] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Dang Quang Toan, Project RENEW, 5 March 2015.

[52] Email from Thanh Hong, AEPD, 1 June 2012; and AEPD, “Current Projects,” undated.

[53] ICRC SFD, “2014 Annual Report,” Geneva, 2015, p. 17.

[54] US Department of State, “2014 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Vietnam,” Washington, DC, 25 June 2015; and US Department of State, “2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Vietnam,” Washington, DC, 24 May 2012.

[55] Cameron Macauley and Heather Bowers Holsinger, “Building Capacity to Promote the Rights of People with Disabilities in Vietnam,” Journal of ERW and Mine Action, Issue 19.1, April 2015, pp. 12–15.

[56] International Institute for Rural Reconstruction, “Resilient Communities to Disaster Risks & Climate Change,” undated.

[57] US Department of State, “2014 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Vietnam,” Washington, DC, 25 June 2015.

[58] Ibid.