Senegal

Cluster Munition Ban Policy

Last updated: 15 July 2015

Five-Year Review: State Party Senegal ratified the convention on 3 August 2011 and views existing legislation as sufficient to enforce its implementation of the convention. Senegal has participated in all of the convention’s Meetings of States Parties and it has elaborated its views on certain important issues relating to the convention’s interpretation and implementation. Senegal has condemned new use of cluster munitions. In its initial transparency report for the convention provided in 2014, Senegal confirmed it has never used, produced, transferred, or stockpiled cluster munitions and has not retained any for research or training.

Policy

The Republic of Senegalsigned the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 3 December 2008 and ratified on 3 August 2011. The convention entered into force for Senegal on 1 February 2012.

Senegal has reported that “it is not necessary to put in place legislation or regulation because Senegal is not a country affected by cluster munitions.”[1] It lists its 2010 ratification legislation under national implementation measures.[2] Previously, in 2012 and 2013, government officials indicated that Senegal was considering enacting specific legislation to enforce the provisions of the ban convention in domestic law.[3]

Senegal provided its initial Article 7 transparency report for the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 3 October 2012, and submitted an annual updated report on 2 April 2014.[4] As of 8 July 2015, Senegal had not provided the updated report for calendar year 2014, which was due by 30 April 2015.

Senegal actively participated in the Oslo Process that created the convention and sought a total and immediate ban on cluster munitions with no exceptions.[5]

Senegal has continued to actively engage in the work of the Convention on Cluster Munitions. It has participated in every Meeting of States Parties to the convention, including the Fifth Meeting of States Parties in San José, Costa Rica in September 2014. Senegal has attended all of the convention’s intersessional meetings in Geneva, including those held in June 2015. It has participated in regional workshops on the convention, most recently in Lomé, Togo in May 2013.

At the Fifth Meeting of States Parties in September 2014, Senegal called on states that have not yet done so, especially from Africa, to accede to the convention and implement its provisions.[6] At the UN General Assembly (UNGA) First Committee on Disarmament and International Security in October 2014, Senegal encouraged states to join the convention before its First Review Conference in Dubrovnik, Croatia in September 2015.[7] Senegal expressed its support for the convention again at the end of the 2014 UNGA First Committee, describing it as a significant advancement for the protection of civilians and in strengthening international humanitarian law.[8]

In September 2014, Senegal said it “condemns recent use of cluster munitions in certain parts of the world” and called for the weapons’ destruction to create a world free of cluster munitions.[9] Senegal has voted in favor of recent UNGA resolutions condemning the use of cluster munitions in Syria, including Resolution 69/189 on 18 December 2014, which expressed “outrage” at the continued use.[10] 

Senegal is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty. It is also party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons.

Interpretive issues

Senegal has elaborated its views on a number of important issues relating to the interpretation and implementation of the convention. In 2012, Senegal stated its view that assistance with acts prohibited under the convention during joint military operations with states not party is prohibited by the convention. Senegal said that its commitment to humanitarian disarmament prevents it from participating in any military operations using cluster munitions.[11]

In 2011, Senegal stated that it considers foreign stockpiling and transfer of cluster munitions a violation of the convention. On the issue of investment in cluster munition production, Senegal expressed its view that investment in cluster munitions would similarly be prohibited by the convention.[12]

In September 2014, Senegal affirmed that it considers the transfer and foreign stockpiling of cluster munitions, as well as the investment in cluster munition production, to constitute violations of the Convention on Cluster Munitions.[13]

Use, production, transfer, and stockpiling

Senegal has reported that it has never used, produced, transferred, or stockpiled cluster munitions.[14] It has not retained any cluster munitions for training or research purposes.[15]



[2] Senegal’s National Assembly unanimously approved Law No. 14/2010 to ratify the convention on 23 June 2010. Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form A, 3 October 2012.

[3] CMC meeting with Abdoulaye Bathily, First Secretary, Permanent Mission of Senegal to the UN in Geneva, in Lomé, 22 May 2013; response to Monitor questionnaire from Amb. Papa Omar Ndiaye, Director, Senegal National Centre for Mine Action (CNAMS), 17 April 2012; and meeting with Amb. Ndiaye, CNAMS, Convention on Cluster Munitions Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 18 April 2012.

[4] The initial report covered the period from 26 April 2011 to 26 April 2012, while the 2 April 2014 update is for calendar year 2013.

[5] For details on Senegal’s cluster munition policy and practice through early 2009, see Human Rights Watch and Landmine Action, Banning Cluster Munitions: Government Policy and Practice (Ottawa: Mines Action Canada, May 2009), pp. 149–150.

[6] Statement of Senegal, Convention on Cluster Munitions Fifth Meeting of States Parties, San José, 2 September 2014.

[7] Statement of Senegal, UNGA First Committee on Disarmament and International Security, New York, 8 October 2014.

[8] Ibid., 21 October 2014.

[9] Statement of Senegal, Convention on Cluster Munitions Fifth Meeting of States Parties, San José, 2 September 2014. Monitor translation.

[10] “Situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic,” UNGA Resolution A/RES/69/189, 18 December 2014. Senegal voted in favor of similar resolutions on 15 May and 18 December 2013.

[11] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Amb. Ndiaye, CNAMS, 17 April 2012.

[12] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Meïssa Niang, Director, Control Research and Legislation of the Ministry of Armed Forces of Senegal, 3 February 2011.

[13] Statement of Senegal, Convention on Cluster Munitions Fifth Meeting of States Parties, San José, 2 September 2014.

[14] Statement of Senegal, Lomé Regional Seminar on the Universalization of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, Lomé, Togo, 23 May 2013. Notes by Action on Armed Violence; statement of Senegal, Convention on Cluster Munitions Third Meeting of States Parties, Oslo, 12 September 2012; response to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Niang, Control Research and Legislation of the Ministry of Armed Forces of Senegal, 3 February 2011; and statement of Senegal, Convention on Cluster Munitions First Meeting of States Parties, Vientiane, 10 November 2010. Notes by the CMC.

[15] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Reports, Forms C, 3 October 2012 and 2 April 2014.


Mine Ban Policy

Last updated: 18 December 2019

Policy

The Republic of Senegal signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997 and ratified it on 24 September 1998, becoming a State Party on 1 March 1999. On 3 August 2005, the president signed a national implementation law.[1] The law makes production, purchase, sale, stockpiling, transfer, and use of antipersonnel mines a criminal offense.[2]

Senegal frequently attends meetings of the treaty, including the Third Review Conference in Maputo in June 2014, and more recently the Seventeenth Meeting of States Parties, where it provided a statement on Article 5 mine clearance activities.[3] Senegal did not attend the intersessional meetings in Geneva in May 2019. Senegal previously served on the Standing Committee on Victim Assistance (2014–2015).

Senegal is party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) and its Amended Protocol II on landmines and Protocol V on explosive remnants of war. It is also party to the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

Production, transfer, stockpiling, retention, and use

Government authorities claim that Senegal has never used antipersonnel mines inside or outside the country.[4] Senegal has consistently stated in its Article 7 reports that it has never produced, possessed, or stockpiled mines.

In April 2010, Senegal reported that 28 mines were consumed in training during 2009. These mines had been collected from demining operations or taken from rebel stockpiles discovered in the field. Twenty-four mines were destroyed during training activities by the armed forces and four mines were defuzed and stored by the NGO Humanity & Inclusion (HI, formerly Handicap International) for training purposes.[5] Previously Senegal had only reported the use of mines for training in one year, 2006.[6]

Sporadic armed conflict in the Casamance region of Senegal continued between government forces and the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de Casamance, MFDC).[7] There have not been any allegations of new use of antipersonnel mines by the MFDC in this reporting period (from May 2010 to May 2011), but use of antivehicle mines by armed groups resulted in civilian and military deaths and injuries.[8]

In March 2009, an MFDC representative who claimed to speak on behalf of all factions told the Monitor, “For the time being we don’t need mines, but [possible future use] will entirely depend on the government. Mines are a defensive tool for us. The state has obliged us to use mines and to go to war.”[9]

Previously, in March and April 2006, the Salif Sadio faction of the MFDC fled Senegal and laid both antipersonnel and antivehicle mines in northern Guinea-Bissau.[10] There were also credible allegations of use of antipersonnel mines by MFDC rebels in Senegal in 1999 and 2000.[11] In 2010, the Sadio faction stated to the Swiss NGO Geneva Call that they did not use antipersonnel mines but would not rule out use of the weapon in the future. The faction admitted to using antivehicle mines. Geneva Call also held a meeting with the Kassolol faction of the MFDC at which the leaders of the faction confirmed their agreement in principle to enable the “gradual implementation” of humanitarian demining.[12]



[1] Law on the Prohibition on Antipersonnel Mines, adopted on 14 July 2005. Previously, Senegal reported that violations of the Mine Ban Treaty were punishable under national constitutional law and the 2001 penal code.

[2] Articles 5 and 6 of the law include penal sanctions of a prison term of five to 10 years, a fine of XAF1 million to 3 million (US$2,170 to $6,510) for individuals, and a fine of XAF30 million to 50 million ($65,100 to $108,500) for legal entities.

[3] Statement of Senegal, Mine Ban Treaty Seventeenth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 29 November 2018.

[4] However, it appears certain that Senegalese forces used antipersonnel mines in Guinea-Bissau in 1998, to support government troops against a self-proclaimed military junta. Such use would have occurred after Senegal signed the Mine Ban Treaty, but before its entry into force for the government. See, Landmine Monitor Report 1999, pp. 76–79.

[5] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form D, 30 April 2010. Senegal reported that the armed forces used the following types and quantities: 10 MI AP DV; 10 MI AP ID; one PRB M35, one M 969, and two PMN. HI used two MAPS and two PRB M35.

[6] In April 2007, Senegal reported that 24 antipersonnel mines were used for training purposes before their destruction in August and September 2006. It stated that the mines were either taken from demining operations or discovered among rebel stockpiles, and that the defuzed mines were used to instruct deminers. The mines were 10 MI AP DV; 10 MI AP ID; two PMN; one M 969; and one PRB M35. Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form D, 30 April 2007.

[7] The MFDC has had at least three military factions, with shifting leaders and some infighting. Some MFDC leaders signed a peace accord with the government in December 2004, but further negotiations on its implementation have not taken place. The agreement acknowledged the scourge of antipersonnel mines and called for humanitarian demining in Casamance. See, Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 505.

[8] In November 2010, a civilian bus struck an antivehicle mine in Sindian district of Bignona killing the driver and a passenger and another eight persons were injured. In March 2011, an antivehicle mine injured five Senegalese soldiers in Tendine, in an area under the control of the MFDC. “Veille de Tabaski meurtrière dans la région de Ziguinchor: 3 morts, des dizaines de blessés” (“Eve of Tabaski deadly in Ziguinchor region: 3 dead, dozens injured”), Ziguinchor News, 19 November 2010; and “Casamance – Un Vehicule Militaire Saute Sur Une Mine: 5 soldats grièvement blesses” (“Casamance – A military vehicle detonates a mine: five soldiers seriously injured”), Le Quotidien (Senegal), 7 March 2011.

[9] Interview with Daniel Diatta, Representative of the Secretary-General, MDFC, Ziguinchor, 20 March 2009. See, Landmine Monitor Report 2008, p. 607.

[10] For details, see, Landmine Monitor Report 2006, pp. 463–464.

[12] Geneva Call, “Annual Report 2010,” p. 18.


Mine Action

Last updated: 16 November 2018

 

Treaty status

Mine Ban Treaty

State Party
Article 5 deadline: 1 March 2021
Not on track

Mine action management

National mine action management actors

Senegalese National Mine Action Center (Centre National d’Action Antimines, CNAMS)

Mine action strategic plan

Updated workplan submitted in 2017 to March 2021

Mine action standards

National standards last updated in 2013

Operators in 2017

Humanity and Inclusion (HI, formerly Handicap International)

Extent of contamination as of end 2017

Landmines

0.28km2 CHA and 0.02km2 SHA

Cluster munition remnants

None

Other ERW contamination

Not reported

Land release in 2017

Landmines

0.07km2 surveyed and subsequently cleared with the destruction of 2 antipersonnel mines and 1 antivehicle mine

Other ERW

1 item of UXO destroyed during mine clearance

Progress

Landmines

There are inconsistencies in reported extent of remaining contamination and plans for land release
As of October 2017, operations were suspended due to a lack of funding, and as of October 2018 they had not resumed

Notes: CHA = confirmed hazardous area; SHA = suspected hazardous area; ERW = explosive remnants of war; UXO = unexploded ordinance.

Contamination

The Republic of Senegal has still to establish an accurate assessment of the extent of its mine contamination. In 2017–2018, it continued to report inconsistent figures for the amount of confirmed and suspected contaminated areas remaining, as it has in previous years.

According to Senegal’s Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 transparency report for 2017, as of 31 December 2017, a total of 68 areas of antipersonnel mine contamination remained to be addressed with a total size of 282,945m2: 42 CHAs with a size of 262,025m2, six SHAs with a size of 20,920m2, and an additional 20 areas with an unknown size. As in previous years, Senegal continued to also report that a further 144 areas still remained to be surveyed, including 127 areas in Bignona department, four in Oussouye, and 13 in Ziguinchor.[1]

In June 2018, however, Senegal informed States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty that 1.2km2 of contamination remained to be addressed across 81 recorded areas: 30 in Bignona department, 25 in Goudomp department, nine in Ziguinchor department, and 17 in Oussouye department. This is in addition to the 144 unsurveyed areas in Bignona, Oussouye, and Ziguinchor departments. It claimed that as of June 2018, 1,932,717m2 had been demined, with the destruction of 443 mines, along with the survey of 490 “localities” and the release of 69.[2]

Previously, at the end of December 2016, CNAMS had reported that a total of 81 areas of antipersonnel mine contamination remained to be addressed (61 CHAs covering 305,486m2 and 20 SHAs of unknown size), along with the 144 unsurveyed areas.[3] In April 2017, however, CNAMS reported remaining contamination as comprising 52 CHAs (41 covering 529,027m2 and 11 of unknown size).[4]

Four departments (Bignona, Goudomp, Oussouye and Ziguinchor) of Senegal’s total of 45 still contain confirmed or suspected mined areas. The affected departments are located in the Casamance region of Senegal, between Gambia to the north and Guinea-Bissau to the south.

Antipersonnel mine contamination by province (at end 2017)[5]

Department

CHAs

Area (m2)

SHAs

Area (m2)

Other SHAs of unknown size

Bignona

18

14,670

1

20,020

11

Goudomp

12

140,453

0

0

0

Oussouye

9

77,240

4

N/R

4

Ziguinchor

3

29,662

1

900

5

Total

42

262,025

6

20,920

20

N/R = not reported

The figures reported in the table above do not tally with the amount of remaining contamination CNAMS reported as of the end of 2016 or its claim that 18 areas covering a total of 106,658m2 were released in 2017.[6]

According to HI, given the historical evidence of frequent clashes and rebel bases in the area, the identification of SHAs in northwest Casamance suggests a high probability that other areas of contamination will be found as survey progresses further east, nearer to the northern border.[7] The extent of contamination is better known in the south of Casamance, where previous survey in the region has identified several SHAs, between the Guinea-Bissau border and the Casamance river to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.[8] In August 2018, HI reported that there were still unsurveyed areas such as north Sindian in Bignona department where significant contamination was suspected. However, for security reasons and a lack of resources, the area had not been addressed.[9] 

Mine contamination in Senegal is the result of more than 30 years of fighting between the armed forces and a non-state armed group, the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de Casamance, MFDC). Sporadic fighting with some factions of the MFDC has continued despite a ceasefire in place since 2004.

In 2017, mine and ERW contamination continued to pose a threat to local residents in the Casamance region, seriously hindered socio-economic development, prevented the return of displaced populations, and limited access to agricultural land and livelihood activities.[10]

In August 2018, HI reported that of the remaining contamination to be addressed, the most important areas were located in the north of Bignona department, along the Gambian border, as increasing numbers of displaced persons were returning to the area following regime change in Gambia and a lull in the conflict in the Casamance region in recent years. HI also said that the area had great economic potential, making clearance both a humanitarian and a developmental priority.[11] 

Program Management

The National Commission for the Implementation of the Ottawa Convention serves as the national mine action authority for Senegal. Demining operations in Casamance are coordinated by CNAMS. Regional mine action coordination committees have been established in Kolda, Sédhiou, and Ziguinchor departments. 

Strategic planning

Senegal submitted an updated workplan in accordance with its Article 5 deadline extension request in May 2017 for the remainder of its extension period, until 1 March 2021, and subsequently a revised version on 13 October 2017. The plan contains a list of all known or suspected contaminated areas and establishes annual targets for the amount of contamination to be addressed. However, there are inconsistencies and incompatibilities in its reporting on the total contamination remaining and the size of projected annual milestones for land release. Additionally, Senegal’s extension request is until March 2021, but the plan does not contain details of work to be carried out after 2018.

According to the revised workplan, Senegal would address 17 CHAs with a total size of approximately 169,771m2 in 2017, 24 CHAs with a size of 343,856m2, and 11 CHAs with an unknown size, along with non-technical survey of the remaining 144 areas, in 2018; and any areas confirmed as CHA by survey activities in 2019–2020.[12]

In its latest Article 7 report for 2017, however, Senegal reported it would carry out clearance of 14 CHAs totaling 139,174m2in September 2018–January 2019, though the calculation of the total surface area is incorrect and, based on the figures given in the table, the total to be cleared would be 150,795m2.[13] It further claims that a total of 23 CHAs with a size of 340,291m2 will be addressed in February–May 2019 in Bignona, Goudomp, and Ziguinchor departments, and 11 CHAs with an unknown size in Bignona and Goudomp departments in November–December 2019. The report also states that the 144 areas that remain to be surveyed will be addressed by non-technical survey in 2018–2019, and that any CHAs identified would then be cleared in 2020, depending on security conditions.[14]

From the above figures in its latest Article 7 report, it would appear to indicate that at least 479,465m2 of CHA will be addressed; although, according to figures in its revised workplan, 513,626m2 of CHA will be addressed; but according to Senegal’s most recent Article 7 transparency report, only about 262,000m2 of CHA remained as of the end of 2017. As noted above, however, at the Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings in June 2018, Senegal estimated remaining contaminated area to cover a total of 1.2km2.[15]

Legislation and standards

Senegal does not have national mine action legislation in place, based on available information. There were no significant developments regarding Senegal’s national mine action standards in 2017.[16] According to HI, the standards have not been updated since 2013.[17]

Operators

HI remained the only international mine action operator in Senegal in 2017 and as of October 2017, had suspended its demining operations in the country for lack of funding.[18] During the year it employed 26 operational staff, two national managerial staff, and an expatriate operations manager. It deployed a soil preparation and mechanical mine clearance machine, the Digger D-3.[19]

Land Release

The total mined area reported released by HI in Senegal in 2017 through technical survey and clearance was just under 65,400m2, with the destruction of two antipersonnel mines.[20] This is less than half the amount of land released by HI in 2016 (147,650m2), and a further decrease in output from 2015, when HI released 911,000m2 by survey, though no clearance occurred that year. CNAMS, however, reported that in 2017 a total of 18 mined areas were addressed with the release of 106,658m2 and the destruction of three antipersonnel mines.[21]

Survey in 2017

In 2017, HI reported confirming 16 mined areas with a combined size of 65,393m2: one area in Bignona department with a size of 1,000m2 and 15 areas in Goudomp department with a size of 64,393m2, all of which were subsequently released through technical survey and clearance.[22]

Clearance in 2017

In 2017, as stated above, HI reported releasing a total of 65,400m2 through technical survey and clearance (though it is unable to disaggregate between the two), including one area in Bignona department with a size of 1,000m2 and 15 areas in Goudomp department with a combined size of 64,393m2. These areas were released with the destruction of two antipersonnel mines, one antivehicle mine, and one item of UXO.[23]

However, CNAMS reported that 18 CHAs with a total size of 106,658m2 were cleared in Goudomp department, Ziguinchor region, with the destruction of three antipersonnel mines.[24] According to its updated workplan, Senegal had intended that 17 CHAs with a total size of approximately 169,771m2 would be addressed in 2017.[25] 

Deminer safety 

There were no accidents involving deminers reported in 2017. However, HI reported that its operations on the Bélaye-Ebinako road in Djiniaky district, Bignona department had to be suspended because of the incursion of armed groups, which claimed not to have been part of community meetings about the choice of the particular track of road where operations were to be carried out.[26] The last reported incident occurred in 2013, when a number of Mechem deminers working in the village of Kaïlou (Ziguinchor department) were kidnapped, some of whom were held for 90 days, although all were later safely released.[27]

HI has reported that its task orders from CNAMS took into account security conditions first, before focusing on community requests.[28]

Article 5 Compliance 

Under Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty (and in accordance with the five-year extension granted by States Parties in 2015), Senegal is required to destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, but not later than 1 March 2021. It is unlikely to meet this deadline. 

In granting the second extension request in December 2015, States Parties noted that Senegal “did not have clear knowledge of the size and location of areas that will warrant mine clearance” as well as its commitment “to undertake technical survey activities and to develop a cancellation procedure which may result in implementation proceeding much faster and in a more cost-effective manner.”[29]

Senegal’s previous Article 5 clearance deadline expired on 1 March 2016 under its first extension request approved in 2008. Despite repeatedly asserting its intention, as late as June 2014, not to seek a second extension period and to complete clearance within this deadline, in June 2015 Senegal submitted a request to extend its Article 5 clearance deadline until March 2021.

Senegal has claimed that the circumstances impeding compliance with its international legal obligations include general insecurity; MFDC reticence to agree to demining operations; the eight-month suspension of operations in 2013; ongoing concerns over deminer safety; and a decrease in technical and financial resources in recent years.[30] Senegal has also stated that security conditions and lack of funding could affect its ability to complete clearance in a timely manner.[31]

In fact, since 2013, the lack of land release and concrete political will to address its mine problem, and as a consequence, the inadequate use of clearance capacities, have prevented Senegal from fulfilling its Article 5 obligations. This led to the withdrawal of some international operators and the loss of financial support from key donors, explaining in part the sharp reduction in its clearance capacities. Indeed, while Senegal recorded a significant increase in clearance productivity in 2012–2013, the way CNAMS has allocated tasks after the 2013 kidnapping has been criticized for directing resources and clearance assets to areas without credible risk of mine contamination, while requests from operators to conduct survey prior to deploying clearance assets were denied.[32]

In June 2018, CNAMS informed States Parties that it expected approximately €6,475,000, which is required to complete clearance of the remaining contaminated areas. It stated that Senegal contributes €460,000 annually for the operating costs of the CNAMS, and €308,000 for the conduct of mine action activities. It stated that with the current pace of performance it was unlikely to be able to meet its clearance objectives of the end of 2020.[33] Senegal’s revised October 2017 workplan notes that a resource mobilization plan should be included in the document but does not contain one.[34]

Senegal’s submission of an updated workplan in October 2017 for 2016–2021 in accordance with its Article 5 extension obligations is encouraging. However, serious questions remain about the likelihood of its implementation, which is highly dependent, among other things; on security conditions. Senegal has regularly indicated that all demining operations would be conducted within the framework of the ongoing peace talks and would first be approved by MFDC in meetings with Senegalese officials.[35] At the same time, CNAMS has stated that talks with the MFDC are made by authorities in Dakar exclusively, and not by the mine action center.[36] There is no explanation in the action plan presented in Senegal’s second extension request of how peace negotiations conducted in Dakar by the Reflection Group on Peace in Casamance (Groupe de Réflexion sur la Paix en Casamance, GRPC) will include the issue of mine clearance.

In 2017, CNMAS reiterated that the implementation of the revised workplan and the feasibility of the 2021 mine clearance deadline are based on the assumption that the GRPC obtains the MFDC’s agreement on the inclusion of demining activities in the peace process, in order to allow for the rapid deployment of demining teams.[37] In the workplan, CNMAS stated that it was unable to provide detailed updates on the development of the peace process as it is not a member of the GRPC negotiation group. However, it reported that events in Gambia had improved the security situation in the north of Casamance, particularly in the department of Bignona, allowing significant numbers of displaced persons to return. It expected that the continued evolution of the peace process would ensure better security conditions and improve access for mine clearance in planned locations.[38]

Previously, in 2015, NPA criticized CNAMS for obstructing dialogue between operators and the armed forces in particular, which could provide the specific locations of mined areas. Other stakeholders echoed that CNAMS was preventing dialogue between parties, including the spokesperson of the MFDC, who stated that there was a complete lack of communication with members of CNAMS.[39]

Despite the positive step of revising and submitting an updated workplan for its Article 5 extension period in October 2017, Senegal still lacks a comprehensive understanding of its mine problem and concerns have been raised about its apparent reluctance to deploy clearance assets in CHAs, and its continued failure to clear contaminated areas around existing military bases. According to Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA), which was operational in Senegal between 2012 and 2014, there is overwhelming evidence that laying of landmines by rebel forces was sporadic, while the Senegalese armed forces placed hundreds, if not thousands, of mines around military outposts in Casamance before joining the Mine Ban Treaty.[40]

However, in August 2017, CNAMS claimed that it has already demined around all the military bases, with the help of the army where that was necessary.[41] HI has reported that its teams cleared 22,162m² in Boutoute-Djibanar in connection with a former army base between 24 April 2015 and 23 December 2016, destroying “around” 19 antipersonnel mines.[42] In the absence of more detailed reporting, is not certain that all other bases have been demined.

In August 2018, HI stated that the probability that Senegal would meet its Article 5 deadline of 1 March 2021 was “more than low” in view of the remaining situation of close to 1.2km2 of area reported to be contaminated and nearly 144 localities that had not been surveyed, and without the resources to do so. HI additionally cited that the CNAMS’ ability to mobilize resources has been very low in recent years.[43]

HI reported that there were no significant improvements to the national mine action program in 2017. It remained the only mine action operator in Casamance, but stated it was not involved or poorly consulted on decisions with regards to the national program.[44]

 

The Monitor acknowledges the contributions of the Mine Action Review (www.mineactionreview.org), which has conducted the primary mine action research in 2018 and shared all its country-level landmine reports (from “Clearing the Mines 2018”) and country-level cluster munition reports (from “Clearing Cluster Munition Remnants 2018”) with the Monitor. The Monitor is responsible for the findings presented online and in its print publications.



[1] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), Form D.

[2] Statement of Senegal, Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 8 June 2018. It further reported that Bignona department had long been inaccessible due to conflict; however, with a lull in fighting in recent years, it had been possible to carry out non-technical surveys, which identified the suspicion of mine contamination around the districts of Sindian and Kataba I, with Oulampane, Kataba I, and Djignaki villages the most affected. The villages of Sindian, Djibidione, and Suelle remained inaccessible for mine action activities, though. In the department of Bignona, the large-scale return of populations to previously abandoned land would need to be preceded and accompanied by CNAMS, it said. In the department of Oussouye, the situation was normalizing, and it claimed that humanitarian mine clearance activities carried out by CNMAS had reduced mine contamination to only around the village of Santhiaba Manjack, Kabrousse district, while the district of Loudia Ouolof was not expected to be contaminated. In the Sédhiou region, it stated the most affected areas are located in the department of Goudomp, in the districts of Djibanar and Simbandi Brassou, from the National Road No. 6 (RN6) to the border with Guinea Bissau.

[3] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2016), Form D; CNAMS, “Updated Workplan for Senegal’s Article 5 Extension 2016–2021,” 13 October 2017; and email from Ibrahima Seck, Head of Operations and Information Management, CNAMS, 18 August 2017.

[4] CNAMS, “Updated Workplan for Senegal’s Article 5 Extension 2016–2021,” 13 October 2017, p. 10. The workplan states that the 41 CHAs have a size of “529,027.276m2.”

[5] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), Form D.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Email from Ibrahima Seck, CNAMS, 18 August 2017; and Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2016), Form D.

[8] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2016), Form D.

[9] Email from Faly Keita, Coordinator, Casamance Site, HI, 8 August 2018.

[10] Emails from Faly Keita, HI, 8 August 2018; from Ibrahima Seck, CNAMS, 18 August 2017; and from Julien Kempeneers, HI, 19 April 2017.

[11] Email from Faly Keita, HI, 8 August 2018.

[12] CNAMS, “Updated Workplan for Senegal’s Article 5 Extension 2016–2021,” 13 October 2017, pp. 13–14; and Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2016), Form D.

[13] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), Form D.

[14] Ibid.

[15] Statement of Senegal, Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 8 June 2018.

[16] Email from Faly Keita, HI, 8 August 2018.

[17] Email from Julien Kempeneers, HI, 19 April 2017.

[18] Ibid., 26 September 2016.

[19] Email from Faly Keita, HI, 8 August 2018.

[20] Ibid.

[21] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), Form D.

[22] Email from Faly Keita, HI, 8 August 2018.

[23] Ibid.

[24] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), Form D.

[25] CNAMS, “Updated Workplan for Senegal’s Article 5 Extension 2016–2021,” 13 October 2017, p. 13.

[26] Email from Faly Keita, HI, 8 August 2018.

[27] In March 2013, clearance operations were progressing rapidly as a consequence of the new demining capacity brought by Mechem and NPA. As they approached MFDC-controlled areas, a faction of the rebel group called publicly for a halt to humanitarian demining on the ground that clearance teams had reached a “red line beyond which operators’ safety could not be guaranteed.” Joint Press Release from MFDC, CNAMS, Geneva Call, the Sao Domingos Prefect, and APRAN-SDP, 20 March 2013.

[28] Email from Faly Keita, HI, 8 August 2018.

[29] Analysis of Senegal’s request for a second Article 5 deadline extension submitted by the Committee on Article 5 Implementation, 17 November 2015, p. 1.

[30] Ibid., p. 22.

[31] Ibid.

[32] Kathryn Millett, “Clearance and Compliance in Casamance: is Senegal doing all it should?” Landmine and Cluster Munition blog, 7 April 2014.

[33] Statement of Senegal, Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 8 June 2018.

[34] CNAMS, “Updated Workplan for Senegal’s Article 5 Extension 2016–2021,” 13 October 2017, p. 20.

[35] H. Sagna, “Humanitarian demining in Casamance: negotiations and operations still deadlocked,” Enquête+, 17 June 2015.

[36] Statement of ICBL, Mine Ban Treaty 14th Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 2 December 2015; and email from Ibrahima Seck, CNAMS, 22 August 2016.

[37] Email from Ibrahima Seck, CNAMS, 18 August 2017.

[38] CNAMS, “Updated Workplan for Senegal’s Article 5 Extension 2016–2021,” April 2017; and CNAMS, “Updated Workplan for Senegal’s Article 5 Extension 2016–2021,” 13 October 2017, p. 21.

[39] A. Grovestins and A. Oberstadt, “Why landmines keep on killing in Senegal,” IRIN, 3 August 2015.

[40] Ibid.

[41] Email from Ibrahima Seck, CNAMS, 18 August 2017.

[42] Email from Julien Kempeneers, HI, 19 April 2017.

[43] Email from Faly Keita, HI, 8 August 2018.

[44] Ibid., and 24 August 2018.


Support for Mine Action

Last updated: 05 October 2015

The government of the Republic of Senegal has identified some 480,000m2 (0.48km2) of confirmed mined areas and 12 suspected mined areas, and has also reported that survey was still required in 216 localities.[1] In June 2015, Senegal submitted a request to extend its mine clearance deadline until 2021.

Senegal’s mine action program did not receive international funding in 2014. In 2013, Senegal received US$2.4 million in international assistance from five donors. More than 80% ($2 million) of international contributions were earmarked for clearance.

The decline of international support can be explained by the stagnation of land release results in recent years despite the significant amount of support provided ($7.7million was allocated to clearance work in 2012–2013), as well as Senegal’s apparent reluctance to conduct clearance in areas readily accessible, following the abduction of deminers in March 2013. This situation has led to the departure of one operator and a number of major donors (the European Union, Germany, and Norway) in 2014.[2]

Senegal reported contributing about US$3.9 million to its mine action program between 2007–2014, although all funding was allocated to salary and operations expenses.[3]

In its most recent extension request, Senegal estimated that a budget of $11.5 million would be needed to support its mine action program until 2021, of which $6.5 million would be allocated to land release operations (57%), almost $700,000 to victim assistance (6%), and some $400,000 to risk education (4%). Senegal has planned to provide approximately $3.3 million, about 30% of the total, to cover the running costs of its program.[4] Senegal also noted that lack of funding could affect its ability to complete clearance in a timely manner.[5]

Summary of contributions: 2010–2014[6]

Year

National contributions ($)

International contributions ($)

Total contributions ($)

2014

N/R

0

0

2013

650,000

2,430,466

3,080,466

2012

230,000

5,717,886

5,947,886

2011

230,000

0

230,000

2010

230,000

897,830

1,127,830

Total

1,340,000

9,046,182

10,386,182

Note: N/R = not reported



[2] For more details see, Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor,  “Country profile: Senegal: Mine Action”; and Norwegian People’s Aid, “Countries we work in: Senegal,” undated, last accessed September 2015.

[4] Ibid., p. 28.

[5] Ibid.

[6] See previous Monitor reports.


Last updated: 19 November 2018

 

 

Casualties[1]

All known casualties(between 1988 and 2017)

852 mine/unexploded remnants of war (ERW) casualties: 188 killed, 651 injured, 13 unknown*

Casualties in 2017

Annual total

3

No casualties reported in 2016

Survival outcome

3 injured

Device type causing casualties

3 antipersonnel mines

Civilian status

3 civilians

Age and gender

1 adult:

1 woman

2 children:

2 boys

 

 

Casualties in 2017 – details

In 2017, the Monitor identified three mine casualties in the Republic of Senegal.[2] Two of the casualties were children.[3]

 

Casualty trends –overall trends, demographics, and device types

Casualties continued to occur in 2018. On 1 September 2018 one child was killed by an ERW.[4]

No new mine/explosive remnants of war (ERW) casualties were reported in Senegal in 2016.[5] In 2015, the Monitor identified two mine casualties in Senegal.[6] The 2015 total had represented a significant decrease from previous years.[7] This decrease can be explained by a general decrease in casualties among combatants. In 2011 and 2012, there was an increase in mine casualties among military or security forces, while in 2013, just two of the eight casualties were military, and in 2014, none of the casualties were combatants. Fluctuations in the security situation in the Casamance region have resulted in variable annual mine casualty rates in Senegal over the last several years.[8] Following an intensification of violence since 2011, violence decreased since 2013, explaining the decline in casualties among combatants over the period.[9]

 

*Total casualties, details

The Monitor identified at least 852 casualties (188 killed; 651 injured; 13 unknown) between 1988 and the end of 2017.[10] This included 595 civilian casualties and 244 military casualties.[11] As of 31 December 2017, the Senegalese National Mine Action Center (Centre national d’action antimines au Sénégal, CNAMS) registered a total of 829 casualties (187 killed; 642 injured) of which 593 were civilians and 236 were military.[12] Since 2005, all reported casualties have been caused by mines.[13]



[1] Unless otherwise indicated, casualty data for 2017 is based on: reports by the CNAMS and monitoring of the news.

[2] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Barham Thiam, Director, CNAMS, 10 August 2018; Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), p. 9; and “Sénégal: une mine explose en Casamance” (Senegal: a mine explodes in Casamance), RFI, 5 September 2017.

[3] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Barham Thiam, Director, CNAMS, 10 August 2018; and “Sénégal: une mine explose en Casamance” (Senegal: a mine explodes in Casamance), RFI, 5 September 2017.

[4] Monitor media monitoring from 1 Januray to 31 December 2017; and “Bignona : Un élève de 15ans tué par une mine à Karanai” (Bignona: a 15-year-old student killed by a mine in Karanai), Flash Infos, 3 September 2018.

[5] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2016); and interviews with Barham Thiam, Director, Senegalese National Mine Action Center (Centre national d’action antimines au Sénégal, CNAMS), Geneva, 9 June 2017; and with Sarani Diatta, Solidarity Initiative for Development Actions (Initiative Solidaire des Actions de Développement, ISAD), Ziguinchor, 20 May 2017.

[6] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Barham Thiam, CNAMS, 14 June 2016; and Monitor media monitoring from 1 January to 31 December 2015.

[7] Fifteen casualties were identified in 2014, eight in 2013, and 24 in 2012. See previous Monitor reports on Senegal for details.

[8] There were 18 casualties recorded in 2006, one in 2007, 24 in 2008, two in 2009, four in 2010, 32 in 2011, 24 in 2012, eight in 2013, 15 in 2014, and two in 2015. See previous Monitor reports on Senegal for details.

[9] The election of a new president in 2012 and increased international pressure, especially from the United States (US), who launched a Casamance peace initiative in October 2012 and appointed a US Casamance advisor in February 2013, contributed to the intensification of peace talks between the government and the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (Mouvement des forces démocratiques de Casamance, MFDC) under the mediation of the Sant’Egidio Christian community. “Gambia: U.S. Casamance Advisor Ends Visit,” All Africa (online newspaper), 19 September 2013; email from Mamady Gassama, Senegalese Association of Mine Victims (Association sénégalaise des victimes de mines, ASVM), 5 May 2014; “Casamance: Salif Sadio dit observer un ‘cessez-le-feu unilateral,’” Agence France Presse, (Sant’Egidio), 30 April 2014; and ICRC, “Annual Report 2015,” Geneva, May 2016.

[10] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), pp. 9-10.

[11] The civilian/military status of 13 casualties is unknown.

[12] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), pp. 9-10.

[13] The last confirmed casualties from ERW occurred in 2005. ICBL, Landmine Monitor Report 2005: Toward a Mine-Free World.


Victim Assistance

Last updated: 01 October 2019

Survivor assistance action points

  • Train prosthetists and ensure that orthopedic centers have sufficient equipment and material.
  • Ensure the sustainability and accessibility of physical rehabilitation and psychosocial support in the Casamance region.
  • Ensure regular and effective coordination of victim assistance with all stakeholders and update the National Victim Assistance Action Plan.
  • Develop economic inclusion projects for mine/explosive remnants of war (ERW) survivors in the Casamance region.
  • Ensure the inclusion of mine/ERW survivors in the planning of victim assistance.

Victim assistance since 1999

Services were limited in the Casamance region, with reliance on NGOs. Remaining challenges:

  • Emergency, continuing healthcare, and psychological support.
  • Inadequate economic inclusion and access to education programs.

Survivor assistance planning and coordination

Government focal points

Senegalese National Center for Mine Action (Centre National d’Action Antimines au Sénégal,CNAMS) for civilian survivors; the CNAMS was set up and designated as the focal point by decree.[1] The Foundation for the Military Disabled and Mutilated (Fondation des invalides et mutilés militaire, FIMM) is the focal point for military survivors.

Coordination mechanisms

CNAMS, Regional Coordination Committee (Comité régional de concertation, CRC) in the Casamance region with the Solidarity Initiative for Development Actions (Initiative Solidaire des Actions de Développement, ISAD), and victim assistance service providers.

Coordination regularity/frequency and outcomes/effectiveness

 

There were no victim assistance coordination meetings in 2018.[2] Several meetings on physical rehabilitation were held in 2018 with ISAD or the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which led to better collaboration between mine/ERW survivors and victim assistance actors.[3]

Plans/strategies

The National Victim Assistance Action Plan 2010–2014 (Plan d’action national pour l’assistance aux victimes, PANAV) expired.[4] The National Disability Action Plan was awaiting implementation as of March 2018.[5]

Disability sector integration

The Ministry for Health and Social Action is responsible for protecting the rights of persons with disabilities.[6] ISAD collaborate with other organizations of persons with disabilities.[7] Other persons with disabilities are supported within the framework of the CNAMS, ISAD, and ICRC prosthesis fitting agreement in Guinea-Bissau.[8]

Survivor inclusion and participation

Survivors are included in the provision of victim assistance, through ISAD.[9]

Reporting (article 7 and statements)

Senegal provided updates on victim assistance activities through a statement at the Mine Ban Treaty Victim Assistance Experts Meeting in November 2018.

 

International commitments and obligations

Senegal is responsible for a significant number of survivors of landmines and ERW who are in need: at least 651.[10]

Mine Ban Treaty

Yes

Convention on Cluster Munitions

Yes

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)

Yes


Laws and policies

The Republic of Senegal prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities by law, however it did not enforce these provisions adequately in 2018.[11] The law also mandates accessibility for persons with disabilities, but the government did not effectively enforce the law.[12] Through the Equal Opportunity Card initiative, launched in 2015, persons with disabilities, including mine/ERW survivors, will have free access to health and rehabilitation services, education, employment, and transportation, among other state services.[13] However, access to these services was not yet effective.[14]

Major Developments

Survivor assistance was reported to have been suspended since July 2017.[15] The state did provide funding for victim assistance since 2015.[16] There is an annual planned budget for victim assistance, which is included in the annual workplan of the CNAMS, but over the last two years, the CNAMS has not received the required budget.[17] The 2017–2021 National Community-based Rehabilitation Programme (PNRBC) for persons with disabilities was approved on 5 July 2018;[18] nevertheless, the individual budgetary support to persons with disabilities for education, training, physical rehabilitation, emergency assistance, and annual family security grants within the framework of the PNRBC did not meet the needs of the majority.[19] The national survivor network reported a decrease in victim assistance services and resources in 2018.[20]

The three-year economic inclusion project for mine/ERW survivors, funded by Humanity & Inclusion (HI) and implemented by ISAD, ended on 31 December 2018. Two other HI-funded economic inclusion projects implemented in Ziguinchor, Dakar, Kolda, and Sédhiou ended on 30 April 2019.[21]

Needs assessment

No structured needs assessment survey was conducted in 2018 or in the first quarter of 2019;[22] however, ISAD collected information on the needs of mine/ERW survivors during risk education sessions.[23]

Medical care and rehabilitation

Despite the provisions for emergency care, follow-up medical care, and prosthesis fitting free of charge to mine/ERW survivors covered in the conventions signed between the CNAMS, three regional hospitals (Ziguinchor, Kolda ,and Sédhiou), and three departmental health centers in affected areas (Oussouye, Bignona, and Goudomp), survivors generally have to pay to receive these services because the hospitals and health centers have not received funding from the CNAMS since 2015.[24] Consultations outside of these health centers are paid for by the survivors.[25]

The Ziguinchor orthopedic center was facing deteriorating equipment, a constant shortage of raw materials and prosthetic parts,[26] and a lack of trained personnel.[27] The center does not have an annual budget; rather, the regional hospital is responsible for the budget of the center, but it did not purchased prosthetic parts in 2018.[28] The center is, therefore, dependent on foreign donations of material, including prosthetic parts.[29] The majority of patients treated at the Ziguinchor orthopedic center are mine survivors.[30] The Kolda orthopedic center is supported by HI. Raw material is provided to the Kolda orthopedic center either by HI or by the Kolda regional hospital.[31] However, prosthetists have not received any training on the use of new technologies, and the HI-funded project of building a new prosthetic workshop for the center ended before the workshop was built.[32]

Within the framework of the agreement between the CNAMS, ISAD, and the ICRC, 34 Senegalese mine/ERW survivors received new prosthetic devices from the Centro de Reabilitação Motora (Center for Motor Rehabilitation, CRM) in Guinea-Bissau in 2018.[33] ISAD facilitates transport to Guinea-Bissau for survivors, as well as accommodation for the duration of the treatment.[34] The project was ongoing in 2018 and in the first quarter of 2019.[35] Since the project started in 2016, around 90 mine/ERW survivors from Senegal received new prosthetic devices in Guinea-Bissau.[36]

Socio-economic and psychosocial inclusion

Under the Social Orientation Law on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, all destitute persons who hold an Equal Opportunity Card and are enrolled in higher education institutions are eligible to a university scholarship.[37] Family security grants are also provided to families in need, including persons with disabilities and mine survivors.[38] The CNAMS, however, reported that there were no resources for economic-inclusion activities in 2018.[39] In 2018, ISAD was monitoring the implementation of income-generating projects for survivors.[40] The ICRC provided cash grants to vulnerable people, including victims of mines/ERW, to start small businesses.[41]

There was a decrease in the accessibility of psychosocial support services.[42] The psychological support and educational counseling services provided to mine/ERW survivors by the Academic Centre for Educational and Professional Orientation (Centre académique de l’orientation scolaire et professionnelle, CAOSP) and the Kenya Psychiatric Center with funding from the CNAMS ended in 2014 for lack of funding.[43] While services remain available, they are no longer free of charge, and transportation and accommodation are also paid by patients.[44] Neither the CAOSP nor the Kenya Psychiatric Center were able to resume their outreach activities to affected communities in 2018 due to the severe lack of funding.[45] As a result, no mine/ERW survivors received psychological support from the CAOSP or the Kenya Psychiatric Center in 2018.[46]

Cross-cutting

The specific needs of children are taken into account in the provision of physical rehabilitation.[47]

ISAD and the Women’s Platform for Peace in Casamance conducted advocacy activities for women survivors in 2018;[48] however, they are often ostracized in the community because of their disability.[49] The National Disability Action Plan 2017–2021 takes into account women with disabilities, and a committee of women with disabilities was set up under the Senegalese Federation of Associations of Persons with Disabilities to promote the rights of women with disabilities and their participation in the design and implementation of public policies.[50]

Survivor assistance providers and activities

Name of organization

Type of activity

Government

CNAMS

Support to the transfer of mine/ERW survivors to Guinea-Bissau for treatment;[51] advocacy;[52] provision of mobility devices;[53] provision of school kits for students who are mine/ERW survivors[54]

Kenya Psychiatric Center, Kenya Hospital

Psychological support[55]

Academic Centre for Educational and Professional Orientation (Centre académique de l’orientation scolaire et professionnelle, CAOSP)

Psychological support and educational counseling[56]

Ziguinchor Orthopedic Center (Centre régional d’appareillage orthopédique de Ziguinchor, CRAO)

Quality monitoring and repairs of prosthetic devices[57]

Kolda Orthopedic Center (Centre régional d’appareillage orthopédique de Kolda, CRAO)

Physical rehabilitation and repairs of prosthetic devices [58]

The Foundation for the Military Disabled and Mutilated (Fondation des invalides et mutilés militaire, FIMM)

Physical rehabilitation and psychological support for military survivors[59]

National

Solidarity Initiative for Development Actions (Initiative Solidaire des Actions de Développement, ISAD)

Referrals for medical care and physical rehabilitation; coordination of treatment and transfer of mine/ERW survivors to the rehabilitation center in Guinea-Bissau; economic inclusion; risk education; advocacy; peer support;[60] and civic inclusion[61]

National Association of Disabled Veterans (Association nationale des anciens militaires invalides du Sénégal, ANAMIS)

Referrals for medical care, economic inclusion, and peer support among disabled veterans; advocacy to increase government support for economic inclusion and improved housing conditions

Coordination of civil society organizations for peace in Casamance (Coordination des organisations de la société civile pour la paix en Casamance, COSCPAC)

Advocacy[62]

International

Humanity & Inclusion (HI)

Inclusive education;[63] vocational training and economic inclusion;[64] advocacy on rights and participation of persons with disabilities in the social and economic sphere;[65] physical rehabilitation;[66] accessibility of health services[67]

UNICEF

Inclusive education and risk education[68]

ICRC

Support for prosthetics and rehabilitation in Guinea-Bissau for survivors from Senegal; cash grants to start small businesses[69]

 



[1] Interview with Barham Thiam, Director, and Khady Badji Cissé, Head of the Risk Education and Victims Assistance Division, CNAMS, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[2] Interview with Faly Keita, Site Coordinator, Humanity & Inclusion (HI), Ziguinchor, 22 April 2019; interview with Barham Thiam and Khady Badji Cissé, CNAMS, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019; and interview with Sarani Diatta, Coordinator, ISAD, Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[3] Interview with Barham Thiam, CNAMS, Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[4] The CNAMS reported that the National Victim Assistance Action Plan 2010–2014 was pending final evaluation before it could be revised. Interview with Khady Badji Cissé, CNAMS, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[5] Handicap.sn, “Plan d’action nationale sur le handicap : les handicapés attendent avec impatience les 47,3 milliards” (“National Disability Action Plan: persons with disabilities are eagerly awaiting the 47,3 billion”), 17 March 2018.

[6] United States (US) Department of State, “2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Senegal,” Washington, DC, 13 March 2019.

[7] Interview with Sarani Diatta, ISAD, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[8] Interview with Barham Thiam, CNAMS, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[9] Ibid.; and interview with Sarani Diatta, ISAD, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[10] The Monitor has identified 442 civilians and 209 military survivors, while the CNAMS reported that, by the end of 2017 there were 442 civilian and 200 military survivors. Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), pp. 9–10.

[11] United States (US) Department of State, “2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Senegal,” Washington, DC, 13 March 2019.

[12] Ibid; and interview with Sarani Diatta, Coordinator, ISAD, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[13] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), p. 11.

[14] Interview with Barham Thiam and Khady Badji Cissé, CNAMS, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019; “Les personnes handicapées ont encore la vie dure au Sénégal” (“Persons with disabilities still live a hard life in Senegal”), Emedia, 3 December 2018; and Handicap.sn, “Plan d’action nationale sur le handicap : les handicapés attendent avec impatience les 47,3 milliards” (“National Disability Action Plan: persons with disabilities are eagerly awaiting the 47,3 billion”), 17 March 2018.

[15] Koli Dado, “Les victimes des mines antipersonnel crient leur désarroi” (“Landmine victims shout their dismay”), KoldaNews, 12 April 2019.

[16] Interview with Barham Thiam and Khady Badji Cissé, CNAMS, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[17] Interview with Barham Thiam, CNAMS, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[18] Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, “List of issues in relation to the initial report of Senegal,” 5 March 2019.

[19] Ibid.

[20] Interview with Sarani Diatta, ISAD, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[21] Interview with Faly Keita, HI, in Ziguinchor, 22 April 2019.

[22] Interview with Sarani Diatta, ISAD, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[23] Ibid.

[24] Ibid.

[25] Ibid.

[26] Interview with Denneba Ndiaye, Director, Centre d’appareillage orthopédique de Ziguinchor (Ziguinchor Orthopedic Center, CRAO), in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[27] Interview with Faly Keita, HI, in Ziguinchor, 22 April 2019; and statement of Senegal, Mine Ban Treaty Victim Assistance Experts Meeting, Geneva, 28 November 2019.

[28] Interview with Denneba Ndiaye, CRAO, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[29] Ibid.

[30] Ibid.

[31] Interview with Alassane Mballo, Manager, CRAO, in Kolda, 25 April 2019.

[32] Ibid.

[33] ICRC, “Annual Report 2018,” Geneva, May 2019, p. 168.

[34] Interviews with Barham Thiam, CNAMS, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019; with Sarani Diatta, ISAD, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019; and with Hervé Wandfluh, Physical Rehabilitation Project Manager, ICRC, in Bissau, 30 April 2019.

[35] Interviews with Barham Thiam, CNAMS, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019; with Sarani Diatta, Coordinator, ISAD, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019; and with Hervé Wandfluh, ICRC, in Bissau, 30 April 2019.

[36] ICRC, “Sénégal : bulletin d’information de nos activités régionales” (“Senegal: Regional Activities Newsletter”), 18 March 2019.

[38] Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, “List of issues in relation to the initial report of Senegal,” 5 March 2019; interview with Sarani Diatta, ISAD, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019; response to Monitor questionnaire by Barham Thiam, CNAMS, 10 August 2018; and Agence de la couverture maladie universelle (CMU), “Couverture maladie universelle et bourses de sécurité familiale : quand l'inclusion sociale devient une réalité” (“Universal Health Coverage and Family Security Grants: When Social Inclusion Becomes a Reality”), 17 August 2017.

[39] Interview with Barham Thiam and Khady Badji Cissé, CNAMS, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[40] Interview with Sarani Diatta, ISAD, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[41] ICRC, “Annual Report 2018,” Geneva, May 2019, p. 166.

[42] Interview with Faly Keita, HI, in Ziguinchor, 22 April 2019.

[43] Interviews with Yahya Diop, Director, Academic Centre for Educational and Professional Orientation (Centre académique de l’orientation scolaire et professionnelle, CAOSP), in Ziguinchor, 22 April 2019; and with Adama Koundoul, Head Doctor, Kenya Psychiatric Center, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[44] Interviews with Yahya Diop, CAOSP, in Ziguinchor, 22 April 2019; with Adama Koundoul, Kenya Psychiatric Center, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019; and with Sarani Diatta, ISAD, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[45] Interviews with Yahya Diop, CAOSP, in Ziguinchor, 22 April 2019; and with Adama Koundoul, Kenya Psychiatric Center, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[46] Interviews with Yahya Diop, CAOSP, in Ziguinchor, 22 April 2019; and with Adama Koundoul, Kenya Psychiatric Center, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[47] Interview with Denneba Ndiaye, CRAO de Ziguinchor, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[48] Interview with Sarani Diatta, ISAD, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[49] Maguette Ndong and Idrissa Sane, “Crise en Casamance: confessions et convictions des victimes de mines” (“Crisis in Casamance: confession and conviction of mine victims”), Le Soleil, 16 August 2017.

[50] Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, “List of issues in relation to the initial report of Senegal,” 5 March 2019.

[51] Interview with Barham Thiam, CNAMS, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[52] Ibid.

[53] Ibid.

[54] Interview with Barham Thiam and Khady Badji Cissé, CNAMS, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[55] Interviews with Adama Koundoul, Kenya Psychiatric Center, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019; and with Yahya Diop, CAOSP, in Ziguinchor, 22 April 2019.

[56] Interview with Yahya Diop, CAOSP, in Ziguinchor, 22 April 2019.

[57] Interview with Denneba Ndiaye, CRAO de Ziguinchor, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[58] Interview with Alassane Mballo, Manager, CRAO de Kolda, in Kolda, 25 April 2019.

[59] Interview with Barham Thiam and Khady Badji Cissé, CNAMS, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[60] Interview with Sarani Diatta, ISAD, in Ziguinchor, 23 April 2019.

[61] Ibid.; and with Ndeye Mareme Bodian, Country Consultant, American Jewish World Service (AJWS), in Ziguinchor, 25 April 2019.

[62] Interview with Henry Ndecky, Coordinator, Coordination of civil society organizations for peace in Casamance (Coordination des organisations de la société civile pour la paix en Casamance, COSCPAC), Ziguinchor, 24 April 2019.

[63] Interview with Faly Keita, HI, in Ziguinchor, 22 April 2019.

[64] Ibid.

[65] HI, “Country Card: Senegal,” October 2017.

[66] Interviews with Faly Keita, HI, in Ziguinchor, 22 April 2019; and with Alassane Mballo, CRAO de Kolda, in Kolda, 25 April 2019.

[67] Interview with Faly Keita, HI, in Ziguinchor, 22 April 2019.

[68] Interview with Aissatou Ahmed Lo, Education Program Officer, UNICEF Kolda Zone Office, in Kolda, 26 April 2019.

[69] ICRC, “Annual Report 2018,” Geneva, May 2019, p. 166.