Denmark

Cluster Munition Ban Policy

Last updated: 28 July 2015

Five-Year Review: State Party Denmark was among the first 30 ratifications that triggered the convention’s entry into force on 1 August 2010. It considers existing legislation as sufficient to enforce the convention’s provisions. Denmark has participated in most of the convention’s Meetings of States Parties and intersessional meetings, but not since 2013. It has expressed support for the convention’s universalization and has condemned the use of cluster munitions. Denmark has also elaborated its views on a number of important issues for the interpretation and implementation of the convention.

Denmark states it has not produced cluster munitions, and it is not known to have used or exported them. In March 2014, Denmark completed the destruction of a stockpile of 42,181 cluster munitions and 2.45 million submunitions. As of the end of 2014, Denmark was retaining 3,634 submunitions for training and research purposes.

Policy

The Kingdom of Denmark signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 3 December 2008 and ratified on 12 February 2010. It was among the first 30 ratifications to trigger entry into force of the convention on 1 August 2010.[1]

Denmark has listed a 2009 parliamentary motion approving ratification under national implementation measures in its Article 7 reports and has indicated that specific implementation legislation is unnecessary as penal sanctions for violations of the convention are imposed by the Military Penal Code. The Defence Command has issued instructions on implementation of the convention.[2]

Denmark submitted its initial Article 7 transparency report for the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 27 January 2011 and has provided annual updates ever since, most recently on 7 April 2015.[3]

Denmark participated in the Oslo Process that created the Convention on Cluster Munitions and its position shifted significantly to the point that it was able to adopt the convention at the conclusion of the negotiations in Dublin in May 2008.[4] Denmark’s swift ratification of the convention and the early completion of stockpile destruction in March 2014 demonstrate its strong commitment to the convention.[5]

Denmark has engaged in the work of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, most recently in 2013. It has participated in every Meeting of States Parties of the convention except the Fifth Meeting of States Parties in San José, Costa Rica in September 2014. Denmark has attended all of the convention’s intersessional meetings held in Geneva since 2011, except the most recent meetings in June 2015.

Denmark has condemned the use of cluster munitions in Syria several times since 2012.[6] In September 2013, it stated that, “Denmark condemns all use of cluster munitions and calls on all states not parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions to join the convention…without delay. There are no other solutions to the humanitarian consequences of cluster munitions than a total and universal ban.”[7] Denmark has voted in favor of UN General Assembly (UNGA) resolutions condemning the use of cluster munitions in Syria, including Resolution 69/189 on 18 December 2014, which expressed “outrage” at the continued use.[8]

Interpretive issues

Denmark’s ratification instrument provided the following statement on the prohibition on assistance with prohibited acts during joint military operations: “Article 21 contains a significant provision for States Parties to be allowed to cooperate with states not party to the Convention (interoperability). Regardless of the broad wording of the ban in Article 1, States Parties may continue to participate in military cooperation and operations with States not party to the Convention. However, this access is not unlimited, as a State Party is never allowed to develop or acquire cluster munitions or explicitly request support in the form of cluster munitions in a situation where the State Party has an exclusive control over the choice of the ammunition.”[9]

Denmark has reported that its Defence Command has issued instructions that stipulate “limitations on the possibilities to co-operate with nations who have not signed the convention.”[10] In July 2013, Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed the Monitor, that “according to Article 21 (3), States Parties and their military personnel or nationals are eligible to participate in military cooperation and military operations with States not party to the convention. This does not, however, alter the obligation of States Parties themselves to not stockpile or transfer cluster munitions, as specified by Article 21(4b).”[11]

Denmark has not elaborated it views on transit and foreign stockpiling or whether it agrees these activities are prohibited by the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

In May 2013, the government expressed support for a prohibition on investment in cluster munition production and requested that the Danish Council on Social Responsibility recommend how a legal prohibition on investment in weapons such as cluster munitions could be undertaken.[12] The announcement reversed Denmark’s previous policy opposing a ban on investment in companies involved in the production of cluster munitions.[13] On 13 March 2014, the Council delivered its report on responsible investment and arms conventions, but did not recommend a mandatory prohibition on investment in cluster munition producers.[14] The Council’s NGO members strongly opposed the lack of support for disinvestment from cluster munition production.[15] There have been no further actions on disinvestment since then.[16]

Denmark is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty. It is also party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons.

Use, production, and transfer

Denmark has declared that it has not produced cluster munitions.[17] Denmark is not known to have used or exported cluster munitions.

Stockpile destruction

Denmark once possessed a stockpile of 42,181 cluster munitions of three types and 2,452,699 submunitions, as listed in the table below.[18]

Cluster munitions formerly stockpiled by Denmark[19]

Type of munition

Quantity of munitions

Quantity of submunitions

DM642 155mm artillery projectiles, each containing 63 DM-1383 DPICM* submunitions

27,536

1,732,968

DM662 155mm artillery projectiles, each containing 49 DM-1385 DPICM submunitions

14,625

714,791

Mk-20 Rockeye cluster bombs, each containing 247 Mk118 submunitions

20

4,940

Total

42,181

2,452,699

* DPICM = dual-purpose improved conventional munition

Under Article 3 of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, Denmark was required to declare and destroy all stockpiled cluster munitions under its jurisdiction and control as soon as possible, but no later than 1 August 2018.

Denmark announced that the completion of the stockpile destruction on 20 March 2014, more than four years in advance of the treaty-mandated deadline.[20] It announced the completion at the intersessional meetings in April 2014.[21]

According to Denmark’s April 2014 Article 7 report, the DM642 and DM662 155mm artillery projectiles were destroyed by the Danish company DENEX at its facility in Frederikshavn through a process of disassembly and incineration that was completed on 13 December 2013. The Mk-20 Rockeye cluster bombs were transferred to Spain where they were destroyed by Spanish company EXPAL at its facility, in a process that was completed on 24 January 2014. The Article 7 report annexes copies of certificates of destruction from DENEX and EXPAL and included detailed flow charts showing how the destruction process was undertaken as well as the safety and environmental standards observed.[22]

Denmark has estimated the total cost of destruction at approximately €2.3 million, which equates to less than €1 per submunition.[23] This is significantly lower than the initial destruction estimate provided in 2009 of up to DKK250 million (US$46.7 million).[24]

Retention

Denmark reported in April 2015 that it is retaining 3,634 submunitions for training and research purposes: 1,800 DM1383 and 1,834 DM1385 DPICM submunitions (the submunitions were removed from 155mm artillery projectiles).[25] The amount is significantly lower than the estimated number of cluster munitions that Denmark previously stated would be retained.[26] Denmark has stated that the retained submunitions have been separated from their shells and stored in carbon tubes and, as such, are not operational.[27]

According to the April 2015 report, no submunitions were consumed in the course of training in 2014.[28]



[1] Denmark submitted a formal declaration with its ratification instrument stating that the convention did not apply to Denmark’s territories of Greenland and the Faroe Islands, but that it may, by unilateral declaration of the government, apply at a later date. This was done to respect the limited self-governance agreements with the territories with the aim of removing the exemptions as soon as the local decision-making processes were completed. On 12 February 2010, the convention was extended to cover Greenland. Danish territorial control does not include the United States (US) Thule Air Base in Greenland. Meeting with Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Defence officials, Copenhagen, 25 March 2010.

[2] The Arms Act prohibits, without permission from the Minister of Justice, the possession, acquisition, and transfer of grenades, bombs, mines, or similar devices. The Military Penal Code will allow punishment for the willful use of cluster munitions in armed conflicts. Use of cluster munitions outside of armed conflicts will be punishable under the military criminal law on breach of duty pursuant to the Military Penal Code. Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form A, 27 January 2011. See also, Folketinget (Danish Parliament), “B60 Proposal for a parliamentary resolution on Denmark’s adoption of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, signed on 4 December 2008 in Oslo,” 19 November 2009.

[3] Annual time periods are covered by the Article 7 reports provided on 27 January 2011 (for calendar year 2010), 30 April 2012 (for calendar year 2011), 3 May 2013 (for calendar year 2012), 4 April 2014 (for calendar year 2013), and 7 April 2015 (for calendar year 2014).

[4] For more details on Denmark’s cluster munition policy and practice through early 2009, see Human Rights Watch and Landmine Action, Banning Cluster Munitions: Government Policy and Practice (Ottawa: Mines Action Canada, May 2009), pp. 68–71.

[5] Denmark has used its experience in destroying its cluster munitions stockpile ahead of deadline and below budget to urge more nations to accede to the Convention on Cluster Munitions. In September 2013, Denmark stated “we have a message to countries hesitating to join…due to financial concerns” and explained that the costs of destroying the stockpile of cluster munitions “turned out to be only 1 EUR per bomblet, which is far less than anticipated.” Statement of Denmark, Convention on Cluster Munitions Fourth Meeting of States Parties, Lusaka, 10 September 2013; and presentation by Maj. Kim Willum Guldbech, Defence Command Denmark, Convention on Cluster Munitions Fourth Meeting of States Parties, Lusaka, 11 September 2013.

[6] A statement by Denmark’s Minister for Foreign Affairs, Villy Søvndal, described reports of use as “extremely worrying” and urged the Syrian government to “immediately and fully refrain from using such inhumane and indiscriminate weapons.” According to the statement, Søvndal also raised Denmark’s concerns at Syrian cluster munition use at a meeting of the European Union’s Foreign Affairs Council in Luxembourg on 15 October 2012. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press Release, “Denmark condemns the use of cluster munitions in Syria,” 18 October 2012.

[7] See also, statement of Denmark, Convention on Cluster Munitions Fourth Meeting of States Parties, Lusaka, 10 September 2013.

[8]Situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic,” UNGA Resolution A/RES/69/189, 18 December 2014.  Denmark voted in favor of similar resolutions on 15 May and 18 December 2013.

[9] Folketinget (Danish Parliament), “B60 Proposal for a parliamentary resolution on Denmark’s adoption of the Convention on cluster munitions, signed on 4 December 2008 in Oslo,” 19 November 2009.

[10] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Reports, Form A, 5 May 2013, 30 April 2012, and 27 January 2011.

[11] Danish original: “Ifølge konventionens artikel 21, stk. 3, er de kontraherende stater og disses militærpersonel eller statsborgere berettigede til at deltage i militært samarbejde og militære operationer med stater, som ikke deltager i denne konvention. Dog gælder det, at der ikke heraf følger nogen adgang for konventionsstater til selv at oplagre eller overføre klyngeammunition, jf. artikel 21, stk. 4, litra b).” Email from Adam Ravnkilde, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 4 July 2013.

[12] Ministry of Business and Growth press release, “Annette Vilhelmsen: Det bør være forbudt at investere i klyngevåben og landminer” (“Annette Vilhelmsen: It should be prohibited to invest in cluster bombs and landmines”), 27 May 2013.

[13] Parliamentary debate concerning question S 620, 13 January 2010. On 11 January 2010, the Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs stated that mandatory regulation of investment could limit voluntary engagement by investors and a ban on investment in cluster munitions producers could affect the ability of Danish companies to follow UN Principles for Responsible Investment and active ownership. Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs, “Clarifying questions from the Defence Committee regarding proposals for parliamentary resolution prohibiting investment, production and trade with cluster weapons (B 173),” 11 January 2010. In September 2010, the Ministry of Economics and Business Affairs published a “Guide on Responsible Investment” that described mandatory disinvestment as an “emergency solution.” “Vejledning om ansvarlige investeringer ” (“Guide on Responsible Investments”), September 2010, forward by Brian Mikkelsen, Minister of Economics and Business Affairs, pp. 3–4.

[14] Rådet For Samfundsansvar, (Council on Social Responsibility), “Ansvarlige Investeringer Og Konventionsomfattede Våben” (“Responsible Investment and Arms Conventions,”), March 2014.

[15] Elias C. Lundström, “Nej til forbud mod klyngebomber” (“No to ban on cluster munitions”), Jyllands-Posten, 13 March 2014.

[16] Email from Rune Saugmann, Chair, Denmark Against Landmines, 20 July 2015. For detailed information on Danish financial institutions and their policies on investment in companies which produce cluster munitions, see PAX, “Worldwide investment in Cluster Munitions: a shared responsibility, November 2014 update,” Utrecht, November 2014.

[17] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form E, 27 January 2011.

[18] This total includes five additional DM642 155mm projectiles discovered in 2013. Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Reports, Form B, 4 April 2014, 3 May 2013, 30 April 2012, and 27 January 2011.

[19] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Reports, Form B, 30 April 2012, and 27 January 2011. In its May 2013 Article 7 report, Denmark reported that an additional 531 DM642 projectiles had been discovered and that previously reported total of 27,000 DM642 projectiles had been revised to total 27,531. Denmark also reported that the previously reported total of 15,000 DM662 projectiles had been amended to 14,625, which represented “the entire stock, despite the previously reported holding of 15.000 shells.”

[20] Minister of Foreign Affairs Martin Lidegaard said the achievement “sends a strong signal to the world” that “cluster bombs are vile, inhumane weapons, which all countries should get rid of as soon as possible.” He said, “Our work does not end here. All states outside the Convention on Cluster Munition[s] must join the convention in order to ensure a total and global ban.” Lidegaard thanked the CMC and pledged that Denmark will continue to work in “close partnership…in our joint efforts towards a world free from cluster bombs.” Minister of Defence Nicolai Wammen also expressed the government’s commitment to the convention and remarked that “it is a positive and clear signal to the world that Denmark has taken a lead so quickly – over four years early – and completed the destruction of our cluster munitions.” See, Udenrigsministeriet (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Press Release, “Danmark går forrest og skrotter klyngebomberne” (“Denmark leads global disarmament, destroys cluster munitions”), 20 March 2014.

[21] Statement of Denmark, Convention on Cluster Munitions Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 8 April 2014. See also Christian Wenande, “Denmark dismantles last cluster bombs,” The Copenhagen Post, 20 March 2014.

[23] Statement of Denmark, Convention on Cluster Munitions Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 8 April 2014.

[24] Folketinget (Danish Parliament), “B60 Proposal for a parliamentary resolution on Denmark’s adoption of the Convention on cluster munitions, signed on 4 December 2008 in Oslo,” 19 November 2009. Average exchange rate for 2009: DKK5.3574=US$1. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 6 January 2011.

[25] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form C, 7 April 2015. The same amount of retained submunitions was reported in 2013 and 2014.

[26] In November 2010, Denmark stated its intent to retain 170 cluster munitions for training explosive ordnance disposal personnel. In April 2012, Denmark stated that while the process of identifying the precise number of cluster munitions necessary was still ongoing, “current indications are that the final number is expected to be significantly lower than initially announced.” See statement of Denmark, Convention on Cluster Munitions First Meeting of States Parties, Vientiane, 9 November 2010. Notes by the CMC; and statement of Denmark, Convention on Cluster Munitions Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 18 April 2012.

[27] Statement of Denmark, Convention on Cluster Munitions Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 8 April 2014; and presentation by Maj. Kim Willum Guldbech, Danish Defence Command, Convention on Cluster Munitions Third Meeting of States Parties, Oslo, 13 September 2012.

[28] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form C, 7 April 2015.


Mine Ban Policy

Last updated: 18 December 2019

Policy

The Kingdom of Denmark signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 4 December 1997 and ratified it on 8 June 1998, becoming a State Party on 1 March 1999. No additional legal or administrative measures were deemed necessary for national implementation of the treaty beyond ratification.

Denmark has not attended the annual Meeting of States Parties since 2012, but it did attend the treaty’s Third Review Conference in Maputo in June 2014. Denmark did not attend the intersessional meetings in May 2019. It previously regularly submitted annual Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 transparency reports, but has not done so since 2016. Denmark is party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) and its Amended Protocol II on landmines, as well as CCW Protocol V on explosive remnants of war. Denmark is also party to the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

Production, transfer, stockpiling, and retention

Denmark has stated that production of antipersonnel mines ceased in the 1950s, and that it has never exported antipersonnel mines. Companies involved in mine production in the past include the government company, Ammunitionsarsenalet, and private companies ALUTOP Aps, DEMEX Consulting Engineers A/S, HAI Aluksering Horsens A/S – HAI Aluksering Korsør A/S, Korona Plast Aps, Lindys Maskinfabrik A/S and Nea-Lindberg A/S.[1] The types and quantities produced have not been revealed.[2]

The Ministry of Defense indicates that Denmark has not imported antipersonnel mines since 1990, but does not give any information on the type, quantity, value, and date of imports.[3] According to correspondence from the Foreign Ministry, Denmark imported M14 mines (apparently from the United States, US) and DM 31 mines (apparently from Germany) in the 1950s and 1960s, and M18A1 mines (apparently from the US) in the 1980s.[4] U.S. government sources indicate that the U.S. exported 1,576 antipersonnel mines to Denmark between 1983 and 1992.[5]

Stockpile destruction of 266,517 mines was completed in December 1999, well in advance of the treaty deadline of 1 March 2003. Denmark initially retained 4,991 mines for training and research, but this number has consistently been reduced. In its Article 7 report submitted in 2016, Denmark reported that it retained 1,783 mines for training as of 31 March 2016.[6] Denmark has not submitted a transparency report since then. These mines are used for “research and development by Danish Defence Research Establishment,” and for training in mine detection.[7]

Denmark’s Article 7 reports have not included the M18A1 Claymore mines and FFV013 Claymore-type mines previously acknowledged to be in stock. The Ministry of Defense stated that these mines have all been modified to command-detonated mode, and are now treated and used only as an “area defense weapon” by the Army (M18A1) and the Air Force (FFV013).[8]

Denmark has never been an exporter of antipersonnel mines.[9] Past production of mines was for the use of the Danish army only.[10]



[1] Tom Vilmer Paarmand, “Danish mine-producing companies,” Peace on the Net, 27 April 1995.

[2] Letter from Michael Borg-Hansen, Counselor, Royal Danish Embassy, Washington, DC, 11 July 1996.

[3] Written response from Maj. Per Lyse Rasmussen, Ministry of Defense, 25 March 1999.

[4] Royal Danish Embassy letter to Human Rights Watch, 11 July 1996.

[5] US Defense Security Assistance Agency, “US Landmine Sales by Country,” March 1994. It appears these were all M18A1 Claymore mines.

[6] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form D, 31 March 2016.

[7] Ibid.

[8] Telephone interview with Maj. P. Lyse Rasmussen, Ministry of Defense, 22 January 2001.

[9] Royal Danish Embassy letter to Human Rights Watch, 11 July 1996.

[10] Written response from Maj. Per Lyse Rasmussen, Ministry of Defense, 25 March 1999.


Mine Action

Last updated: 28 November 2013

Contamination and Impact

Mines

The Kingdom of Denmark has been affected by antipersonnel mines left from World War II. In 1944, the entire Skallingen Peninsula in Jutland on the Danish west coast was mined with antipersonnel and antitank mines.[1] One minefield was remaining on the peninsula. In 1945–1947, large parts of the minefield were cleared, but due to significant difficulties with the clearance and quality control of mainly dune and salt marsh areas, a part of the mined area had been fenced and left uncleared.[2]

The affected area of the Skallingen Peninsula, as of entry into force of the Mine Ban Treaty for Denmark on 1 March 1999, comprised a total of 1.86km2, initially identified from German mine records as well as markings established by mine clearance teams in 1947. For operational purposes the suspected mined area was divided into three areas called Area 1, Area 2, and Area 3. The first two areas were cleared by contractors in 2006–2008.[3] In December 2012, Denmark announced it completed clearance in Area 3 and declared Denmark mine free.[4]

Mine Action Program

The Ministry of Transport was responsible for clearance activities on Skallingen. The project was organized under the Danish Coastal Authority, with the authorization to task and coordinate civil contractors and to manage projects.[5]

Land Release

From 2006–2012, Denmark cleared 1,860,000m2 while finding 3,098 antipersonnel mines, 259 antivehicle mines, and a collective total of 554 unexploded ordnance and explosive remnants of war.

Mined areas cleared on the Skallingen Peninsula: 2006–2012

 

Size of area (m2)

Antipersonnel mines

Antivehicle mines

Other items

Area 1

190,000

14

21

32

Area 2

470,000

13

5

133

Area 3

1,200,000

3,071

233

389

Total

1,860,000

3,098

259

554

Compliance with Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty

Under Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty and in accordance with its second extension request which was granted by the Tenth Meeting of States Parties in 2010, Denmark was required to destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, but not later than 1 July 2012.

In 2008, Denmark presented a first request for an extension of 22 months until 1 January 2011.[6] On 18 June 2010, Denmark submitted a second extension request, seeking an additional 18 months to enable it to complete mine clearance operations.[7] In December 2010, the Tenth Meeting of States Parties granted Denmark’s request for a second extension to its Article 5 deadline, until 1 July 2012.[8] In granting the request, it was noted at the meeting that Denmark had “complied with the commitments it had made, as recorded in the decisions of the Ninth Meeting of States Parties, to obtain clarity regarding the remaining challenge, produce a detailed plan and submit a second extension request.” In June 2011, Denmark stated that 310,000m2 of area was still to be cleared from the World War II minefield on the Skallingen peninsula and again affirmed that the remaining area would be cleared by its July 2012 deadline or before. It noted, however, that clearing the dunes has been “challenging.” In May 2012, Denmark reported that although clearance would be complete by its deadline, quality control measures would likely take several months beyond that.[9] On 28 November 2012, Denmark declared it completed clearance on the Skallingen Peninsula and was in compliance with Article 5.[10]

 



[1] Statement of Denmark, Mine Ban Treaty Ninth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 25 November 2008.

[2] Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline Extension Request, Executive Summary, 30 October 2008, p. 1.

[3] Ibid., p. 2.

[4] Statement of Denmark, Mine Ban Treaty Twelfth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 5 December 2012.

[5] Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline Extension Request, Executive Summary, 30 October 2008, p. 1.

[9] Statement of Denmark, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Geneva, 22 May 2012.

[10] Statement of Denmark, Twelfth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 5 December 2012.


Support for Mine Action

Last updated: 17 November 2022

In 2021, the Kingdom of Denmark contributed DKK93.1 million (US$14.8 million) in mine action funding to five states and to global activities.[1] This represented an increase of $1 million (or 7%) on the level of support provided by Denmark in 2020.

As in 2019 and 2020, the largest contribution went to Iraq, receiving more than $5 million and representing 40% of Denmark’s total contribution for the year.

Contributions by recipient: 2021[2]

Recipient

Sector

Amount (DKK)

Amount (US$)

Iraq

Clearance and risk education

37,000,000

5,882,634

Global

Various

23,990,558

3,814,261

South Sudan

Clearance and risk education

12,427,934

1,975,918

Libya

Capacity-building, clearance, and risk education

11,000,000

1,748,891

Afghanistan

Clearance and risk education

7,370,000

1,171,757

Syria

Clearance and risk education

1,300,000

206,687

Total

 

93,088,492

14,800,148

Five-year support to mine action

In 2017–2021, Denmark’s contributions to mine action totaled more than DKK550 million ($80.7 million). In comparison, during the previous five-year period from 2012–2016, Denmark provided DKK282.6 million ($48.7 million). This demonstrates the impact of variations in exchange rate on Denmark’s contributions over the years, representing an 86% increase in national currency terms, but only a 66% increase in US$ terms.

Summary of contributions: 2017–2021[3]

Year

Amount (DKK)

Amount (US$)

% change from previous year (US$)

2021

93,088,492

14,800,148

+7

2020

90,575,000

13,843,038

-21

2019

117,600,473

17,630,462

-25

2018

147,807,000

23,412,746

+51

2017

102,460,526

15,534,442

+52

Total

551,531,491

85,220,836

N/A

Note: N/A=not applicable.



[1] Average exchange rate for 2021: DKK6.2897=US$1. United States (US) Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2022.

[2] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Marie My Warborg Larsen, Head of Section, Denmark Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 7 October 2022.

[3] See previous Monitor reports.