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Sudan

Last Updated: 05 October 2011

Mine Action

Contamination and Impact

Mines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) are primarily the result of more than 20 years of armed struggle between the Government of Sudan and non-state armed groups in the south, mainly the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army. The struggle ended with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) on 9 January 2005.[1] On 9 January 2011, 99% of those polled in South Sudan voted for independence.[2] As a result of this referendum, South Sudan formally declared its independence on 9 July 2011 and became the world’s 196th State.[3]

Mines

Of Sudan’s 25 states, 19 have previously been suspected to be mine-affected.[4] The combination of the suspected hazardous areas (SHAs) identified by the Landmine Impact Survey (LIS), completed in May 2009, and UN Mine Action Office (UNMAO) records of dangerous areas (DAs)[5] and confirmed mined areas across 18 states in 2002 through April 2011, provide the basis for the extent of the mine/ERW problem in Sudan. As of 1 January 2011, 310 SHAs from the LIS remained to be confirmed or canceled; 158 confirmed mined areas required clearance; and 731 DAs awaited further survey, and, if necessary, clearance. As of 1 January 2011, the total area of the 468 SHAs and confirmed mined areas to be released was 71.29km2.[6]

UNMAO does not measure the size of DAs until clearance is completed. Of the remaining 731 DAs, 432 are suspected mined areas while the others are ammunition storage areas (ASAs), unexploded ordnance (UXO) spot clearance tasks (including of cluster munition remnants), or contaminated areas in what the UN has termed “confrontation areas.”[7] Central Equatoria, followed by Eastern Equatoria and Jonglei, are the most contaminated states.[8]

Based on the number of hazardous areas in the national database, approximately one-quarter of the remaining mine problem is located in northern Sudan states, excluding the three Darfur states.[9] While it is acknowledged that mines may have been used in conflicts in Darfur and when security permits the region will be surveyed, it is widely recognized that the bulk of the current problem in Darfur results from the use of heavy weaponry by armed government-supported militias.[10]

Prior to the LIS, the Sudanese government considered the five states of Gezira, Khartoum, Northern, Northern Kordofan, and White Nile as not being affected; they were not surveyed as a result, although the borders with Libya and Egypt in Northern and Nile states may be contaminated with mines laid during World War II.[11]

The Mine Action Sector Multi Year Plan 2010–2014, based on data in 2010, assumes 750 new DAs will be identified over the five-year period and that from these new DAs approximately 106 will be confirmed mined areas requiring full clearance. For example, during the LIS large parts of Jonglei, Unity, and Upper Nile states were inaccessible because of security, marshlands, or inclement weather. As areas open up in these states new DAs will probably be identified, some of which will be confirmed mined areas. Based on these projections, UNMAO has predicted, as did the South Sudan Demining Authority previously, that South Sudan will not be able to clear all mined areas by April 2014, Sudan’s Article 5 deadline.[12]

Since the referendum, armed violence has increased in South Sudan and the new use of mines has been reported, including 16 incidents of explosions of antipersonnel and antivehicle mines from mid-November 2010 to mid-May 2011 in Jonglei, Unity, and Upper Nile states. According to Tim Horner, the director of the UNMAO in Southern Sudan, the evidence indicates that rebel militia groups are laying mines.[13] Ashley Williams, from MECHEM, one of the commercial companies clearing mines in Sudan said “No sooner have we cleared an area for the UN than we are re-deployed to another trouble spot. We keep returning to areas we have already released because new mines are being laid daily.”[14]

Contamination in the most affected states in Sudan as of December 2010[15]

State

No. of hazardous areas

No. of DAs

No. of mined areas

No. of SHAs

Central Equatoria

380

255

10

115

South Kordofan

185

45

82

58

East Equatoria

120

85

28

7

Blue Nile

106

56

23

27

Kassala

90

45

6

39

West Equatoria

63

46

0

17

Western Bahr El Ghazal

31

27

0

4

Subtotals

975

559

149

267

Percentage of total

81

57

15

27

Other 11 affected states

234

172

19

43

Totals

1,209

731

168

310

Percentage of total

 

60

14

26

Cluster munition remnants

Since 2006, Sudan has identified 530 sites covering 57.3km2 in 13 states contaminated by cluster munition remnants. As of June 2011, Sudan had reduced the number of uncleared sites to 43 covering 2.9km2 in seven states, of which 28, almost two-thirds, are in Central and Eastern Equatoria states.[16]Cluster munition remnants have been found in residential areas, farmland, pasture, rivers and streams, on hillsides, in desert areas, in and around former military barracks, on roads, in minefields, and in ASAs.[17]

No. of cluster munition contaminated areas in Sudan as of June 2011[18]

State

Open

Closed

Totals

Central Equatoria

16

82

98

East Equatoria

12

278

290

Kassala

7

2

9

South Kordofan

2

68

70

West Equatoria

2

27

29

Warrab

2

1

3

Jonglei

2

1

3

Lakes

0

12

12

Blue Nile

0

9

9

Western Bahr El Ghazal

0

4

4

Northern Bahr El Ghazal

0

1

1

Northern Darfur

0

1

1

Southern Darfur

0

1

1

Total

43

487

530

Other explosive remnants of war

As of 31 December 2010, UNMAO reported that 808,448 ERW had been found since 2002, compared to 28,317 antipersonnel mines and 5,380 antivehicle mines.[19] Although a considerable amount of ERW have been found in Sudan, only mines have caused road closures.[20] 

According to the UN, Darfur has a significant threat from UXO from the ongoing conflict.[21] In Darfur the threat of UXO impacts access to routes and poses a constant threat to civilians and the delivery of humanitarian aid.[22] As of January 2011, the UN-African Union Hybrid operation in Darfur (UNAMID) and its contractor Exploration Logistics had identified 196 DAs across Darfur, of which it had released 158 through clearance or survey. In 2009–2010, UNAMID’s Ordnance Disposal Office assessed approximately 6,145km of routes/roads.[23]

Mine Action Program

Key institutions and operators

Body

Situation on 1 January 2011

National Mine Action Authority

Sudan NMAA

Mine action center

NMAC, SSDA

International demining operators

Four NGOs: DanChurchAid (DCA), Danish Demining Group (DDG), Mines Advisory Group (MAG), and Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA)

Six commercial companies: ArmorGroup, MECHEM, MineTech International, Minewolf, RONCO Consulting Corporation, and The Development Initiative (TDI)

UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) peacekeeping contingents: Bangladesh, Cambodia, Egypt, Kenyan, and Pakistan demining platoons

National demining operators

Sudan Integrated Mine Action Service (SIMAS), NMAC

International risk education (RE) operators

Association for Aid and Relief (Japan), The Association of Volunteers in International Service, DCA, DDG, Handicap International, MAG, and Exploration Logistics

National RE operators

SIMAS, Nasir Community Development Agency, Malakal Mobile Theatre Team, Christian Recovery and Development Agency (CRADA), Child Hope Restoration Mission, JASMAR Human Security Organization, Friends of Peace and Development Organization, Sudanese Red Crescent, Sibro Organization for Development, Operation Save Innocent Lives (OSIL)

UNMAO was mandated by UN Security Council Resolution 1590 and the CPA to coordinate, facilitate, accredit, and conduct quality assurance (QA) of all mine action activities in Sudan through June 2011.[24] The National Mine Action Authority (NMAA) is the institution responsible for coordination and management of mine action in Sudan. As of early 2011, the NMAA[25] has included a National Mine Action Committee, a General Secretariat, the National Mine Action Center (NMAC) in Khartoum, the Southern Sudan Demining Authority (SSDA) in Juba,[26] and the UNAMID Ordnance Disposal Office in Darfur.[27]

UNMAO operations consist of its headquarters in Khartoum; regional offices in Kadugli in Southern Kordofan state, Juba in Central Equatoria state, and Al Fasher in Northern Darfur state; and seven suboffices.[28] In the south of the country, the Juba-based Southern Regional Mine Action Office coordinates mine action activities. The Juba regional office is supported by suboffices in Malakal, Yei, and Wau.[29]

Under the umbrella of UNAMID, the Ordnance Disposal Office works in direct support of UNAMID priorities in Darfur. There are sub-offices in North, South, and West Darfur states.[30] UNAMID has contracted the commercial company, Exploration Logistics, to deploy three explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) teams in Darfur, consisting of national and international experts for route and general explosive hazard assessments and surveys, ERW demolitions, battle area clearance (BAC), EOD, and ERW risk education (RE).[31] UNMAO has determined that security conditions in Darfur are so severe that it would be unsafe for international NGOs to work in mine action in Darfur.[32] The extent of activities is dependent on the availability of force protection, permission from the Government of Sudan, and accessibility to contaminated regions.[33]UNMAO planned to open a UNAMID Ordnance Disposal Liaison Office in Khartoum in late 2011.[34]

The Mine Action Sector Multi-Year Plan for 2010–2014 serves as the current planning and resource mobilization document for all partners, identifying strategic priorities and benchmarks for mine action within the National Mine Action Strategic Framework, the Sudan Five Year Strategy 2007–2012, and the strategic objectives of the Interagency Mine Action Strategies and United Nations Development Assistance Framework 2009–2012.[35] Within the structure of UNMAO, UNDP has the key responsibility for national mine action program development and capacity-building, through its “Support to Mine Action and Capacity Building in Sudan” project which began in early 2004.[36]

The mine action structure in Sudan was to undergo major changes on 9 July 2011, especially in the north. On 1 June 2011, the Government of Sudan informed the UN that UNMIS’s mandate should not be continued beyond 9 July 2011. The Government of South Sudan has, however, sent a letter to UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) requesting continued support after independence.[37]

Transition to national ownership

Creating operational and management national capacity has been one of the major priorities of the Sudan mine action program.[38]UNMAO and the NMAA developed a transition plan that began in 2009, focusing on the transfer of 10 core responsibilities of the mine action program to the Government of Sudan by the end of June 2011. It is planned to retain an unspecified number of advisors with UNMAO after the transition.[39] A Transition Team comprised of one technical advisor from UNMAO, one from UNDP, and two from NPA are managing this process in close coordination with the SSDA.[40]

Following a meeting to review the transition plan in June 2010, an updated plan for the North was announced in February 2011 and a plan for South Sudan in March 2011. The revised core management responsibilities, now nine instead of 10, are:

1.      Plan, coordinate, monitor, and oversee all aspects of mine action.

2.      Prioritize, task, and authorize all mine action activities.

3.      Revise the NTSG according to in-country needs and conditions which all are obliged to adhere.

4.      Manage the quality of all mine action activities.

5.      Accredit mine action organizations in accordance with National Technical Standards and Guidelines prior to authorization of mine action activities.

6.      Maintain the integrity of the national mine action database.

7.      Mobilize necessary funds from national and international sources to achieve mine action strategic goals

8.      Ensure that Sudan honors its obligations under the Mine Ban Treaty and other relevant treaties.

9.      Plan, coordinate, and manage all support elements of a mine action program.[41]

In January 2011, UNMAO and the NMAC consolidated offices in Kassala and Khartoum.[42] The role of the UN in the north after 9 July 2011 had not been determined as of 24 June 2011.[43]

As part of the transition plan, UNMAO will also equip the Joint Integrated Demining Units (JIDUs) to deal with the residual threat from mines and ERW after June 2011.[44] In January 2011, 118 members of the JIDU teams, now consisting only of personnel from the engineer corps of the Sudanese army,[45] were implementing operational tasks in coordination with RONCO in Kassala and South Kordofan states as well as independently conducting mine clearance in Kassala.[46] On 9 July 2011, when the CPA expires, the JIDU teams will be renamed the National Demining Units and will report to NMAC.[47]

One of the impacts of the transition from UNMAO to the national authorities in North Sudan will be as UNMAO’s role diminishes so too will the role of commercial contractors. The departure of UNMIS will probably mean less international funding for mine action. As a result, international NGOs and funding from the donor community will take on added significance in South Sudan in its clearance efforts.[48]

According to Sudan’s latest Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report, the transition to government management of the mine action was due to take place as planned in June 2011 with UNMAO taking on an advisory role with a yet-to-be determined number of international personnel.[49]

Land Release

In 2010, Sudan cleared 5.82km2 of mined areas and 5.02km2 of battle areas,[50] results similar to 2008 and 2009.

Five-year summary of land release

Year

Mine clearance (km2)

BAC (km2)

Total (km2)

2010

5.82

5.02

10.84

2009

5.65

5.34

10.99

2008

4.07

5.74

9.81

2007

5.91

18.40

24.31

2006

1.34

6.44

7.78

Total

22.79

40.94

63.73

Mine clearance in 2010

Sudan cleared more than 5.82km2 of mined areas in 2010, with the destruction of 6,183 antipersonnel mines and 1,387 antivehicle mines. The Sudan Mine Action Program applies several methodologies when clearing mines and ERW. Mechanical demining is the primary methodology, followed by manual clearance, and mine detection dog (MDD) clearance. RONCO cleared 6,993m2 through mechanical raking as part of an ongoing trial of the Indian-designed Arjun raking machine.[51]

Clearance, by method in 2010[52]

Method

Area cleared (m2)

Percentage of total

BAC

5,022,995

46.30

Mechanical

3,176,619

29.28

Manual

1,444,578

13.32

MDD

1,196,697

11.03

Raking

6,993

0.07

Totals

10,847,882

100

In 2010, Sudan had 18 national and international demining operators (the JIDUs, four international NGOs, five UN peacekeeping platoons,[53] one local NGO, NMAC, and six commercial demining companies).[54] UNMAO tasks all demining operators, including the five demining contingents with the UNMIS peacekeeping operation, and conducts QA on all tasks.[55] UNAMID has contracted Exploration Logistics to provide three BAC teams in Darfur.[56]

ArmorGroup, MineTech International, RONCO, TDI, and NPA together cleared 80% of the area cleared in 2010, finding 75% of all antipersonnel mines and 90% of antivehicle mines. The five UN peacekeeping contingents cleared 0.72km2 (7% of all clearance) in 2010 compared to 0.41km2 (4% of all clearance) in 2009. During clearance in 2010, 6,183 antipersonnel mines and 1,387 antivehicle mines were destroyed. Almost all of the mine clearance in 2010 occurred in just five of the 18 mine impacted states: Central Equatoria, Kassala, Blue Nile, Upper Nile and South Kordofan.[57] Approximately four-fifths of all clearance since 2002 has been conducted in the four most contaminated states: Central Equatoria, Kassala, Southern Kordofan, and Upper Nile.[58]

Mine clearance in 2010[59]

Demining operators

Area cleared (m2)

Antipersonnel mines destroyed

Antivehicle mines destroyed

ERW destroyed during demining*

RONCO

1,714,132

2,052

915

513

ArmorGroup

1,384,030

1,592

162

3,938

NPA

1,176,865

172

32

101

MineTech International

497,017

952

67

549

TDI

392,219

759

142

70

MineWolf

208,185

4

2

6

Cambodian Military Demining Platoon

164,635

99

0

66

MAG

95,836

359

43

1,519

JIDU

67,960

83

20

155

MECHEM

49,853

23

2

7

Egyptian Military Demining Platoon

26,643

7

1

10

NMAC

23,871

0

0

0

SIMAS

15,011

1

0

4

Kenyan Military Demining Platoon

4,410

0

0

0

Bangladeshi Military Demining Platoon

2,316

0

0

3

Pakistan Military Demining Platoon

1,904

80

0

1

DDG

0

0

1

153

Total

5,824,887

6,183

1,387

7,095

* No distinction is made between abandoned explosive ordnance (AXO) and UXO in reporting on demining by UNMAO.

Road verification and clearance

The verification and clearance of roads has been a major focus of the mine action program in Sudan. In 2010, a linear total of 7,120km of roads were opened: 945km in southern Sudan, 846km in northern Sudan, and 5,329km in Darfur. As of December 2010, UNMAO had assessed (surveyed) a total of 39,747km of roads and verified (confirmed) the presence of contamination along a further 5.29km.[60] According to UNMAO, 95% of the major roads have been opened.[61]

The Government of National Unity in Sudan and the Multi Donor Trust Fund of the World Bank have provided funds for the reconstruction of 446km of railway lines and approximately 200km of main roads that have been cleared and verified to be free of mines and ERW.[62]

Land Rights[63]

A Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD)-commissioned study in 2010 described the complexities involved in land rights in Sudan and what role, if any, mine action practitioners can play. Since the CPA in 2005, the value of commercial land has increased in a weak legal environment. Land rights within the traditional society of tribes in South Sudan are complex and became more complicated when the government of South Sudan declared “the land belongs to the people.” According to the study, mine action in South Sudan does not give enough attention to land rights issues because the 2005–2011 national strategic plan puts the priority on capacity development, clearing roads, and annual quantifiable achievements.

Land ownership in Sudan derives from policy established under British colonial rule, which promotes state ownership and customary tribal practice, which promotes community ownership. The key challenge for South Sudan is to create land legislation based on customary law while also how women and certain ethic tribes can own land. It is estimated that as many as one in every two households are headed by women in South Sudan. The lack of legislation and the strong military role in South Sudan affairs has limited efforts at the community level. Although it was clear during negotiations of the CPA that land rights would be an issue, in particular in relation to the return of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees, little has been done to address land issues related to their return. At the time of the study in October 2010, coordination on land issues and legislation among the major donors—the European Commission, the United States, and Japan—was said to be lacking.

The GICHD concluded that mine action NGOs and UNMAO were not engaged in the issue and the lack of pre- and post-clearance survey data greatly limited the quality of analysis that could be conducted on how mine action impacts land rights. However, according to UNMAO, it does not respond to instances of “grabbing” of cleared land as it does not fall within its authority to resolve such issues.[64]. NGO mine action practitioners told the GICHD they are reluctant to engage in land issues because of the highly political nature of the issue and their involvement could compromise their perceived neutrality in mine action.

Compliance with Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty

In accordance with Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty, Sudan is required to destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, but not later than 1 April 2014.

With the declaration of independence of South Sudan in July 2011, it is believed that Sudan will be able to meet its Article 5 deadline given that the proportion of contaminated land is significantly less in the north than in the south.

Clearance of cluster munition contaminated areas in 2010

UNMAO does not distinguish between clearance of different types of ERW in its reporting so is unable to confirm how much land was cleared of cluster munition remnants in 2010.[65]

In August 2009, Sudan reported it had identified 324 sites affected by cluster munition remnants in 13 states, including two sites in Darfur, of which all but 34 had been cleared.[66]By June 2011, the number of sites affected by cluster munition remnants had increased to 530 with 43 remaining. The vast majority of clearance of cluster munition contaminated areas is UXO spot clearance.[67]

Battle area clearance in 2010

For 2010, 15 operators conducted BAC over 5.02km2 of land. Commercial companies, international NGOs, battalions with UNMIS, and SIMAS all conduct BAC. Commercial companies accounted for 71% of BAC, NGOs 18%, UN peacekeepers 10%, and SIMAS less than 1%.[68]

Battle area clearance in 2010[69]

BAC operators

Clearance (m2)

ERW destroyed*

Antipersonnel mines destroyed

Antivehicle mines destroyed

TDI

1,530,709

156

1

5

MineTech International

1,132,150

974

60

1

RONCO

816,851

824

4

8

DCA

275,363

419

0

0

DDG

265,807

5,801

21

4

Bangladeshi Military Demining platoon

246,000

3,910

18

0

Cambodian Military Demining platoon

234,192

7,848

1,815*

99

NPA

188,973

7,657

1,839*

195

MAG

176,736

13,073

44

5

ArmorGroup

113,657

5,358

177

73

Kenyan Military Demining platoon

26,617

4,346

0

0

Pakistan Military Demining platoon

10,916

37

0

0

SIMAS

5,024

1,663

0

2

Egyptian Military Demining platoon

0

27

0

0

MECHEM

0

27

2

2

Total

5,022,995

52,120

3,981

394

* This includes clearing ASAs containing mines.

** No distinction is made between AXO and UXO in reporting on demining by UNMAO.

BAC, by type of operator[70]

Operator type

BAC (m2)

Percentage of total

Commercial

3,593,367

71.5

NGOs

906,879

18.1

UN Peacekeepers

517,725

10.3

Sudan

5,024

0.1

Total

5,022,995

100

As noted above, UNAMID has contracted an international commercial company to conduct survey, clearance, and RE in Darfur.[71] Since 2009, UNAMID and Exploration Logistics have identified 196 DAs and cleared or canceled 158 of them covering 1.5km² of land, destroying 3,020 items of ERW in the process. During this period, the UNAMID Ordnance Disposal Office and Exploration Logistics also assessed approximately 6,145km in length of route/roads.[72]

Quality management

The NMAC is responsible for prioritizing, tasking, and post-clearance QA. Each regional office has a QA team of six persons. In 2010, 757 QA tasks were conducted, of which 727 passed inspection, 21 were below average, and nine failed. All but one of the failed tasks involved a commercial company or SIMAS.[73]

Safety of demining personnel

The safety of personnel is an ongoing concern in Sudan. In 2010, there were five casualties from demining and UXO accidents. Three personnel from MAG were injured and one was killed in 2010; one deminer from RONCO was injured in Kassala and one from SIMAS in Central Equatoria.[74]In October 2010, Stephen Allan, a technical field manager for MAG, was killed in a mine accident in Kopoeta, East Equatoria.[75] Allan died despite wearing a helmet with a full-face visor and Kevlar protective armor as he tried to place a charge by an antipersonnel mine.[76]The mine was believed to be an Iranian copy of the Israeli No. 4 antipersonnel blast mine.[77]

In 2010, Darfur was in a Phase IV security alert, which greatly limited access and mobility for the EOD teams and UNAMID. Under the UNAMID security guidelines all EOD teams must be accompanied by an armed security detail. No incidents were reported in 2010 during EOD operations.[78] In May 2011, two days after Sudanese armed forces launched air strikes against the South Darfur town of Labado and the village of Esheraya, the Sudan Government’s Humanitarian Aid Commission prohibited all movement beyond a 15km-radius of the South Darfur capital, Nyala.[79]

Other Risk Reduction Measures

Sudan has an extensive RE program throughout the country. In 2010, RE was provided in 22 states, to more than 3 million people. The Government of Sudan, UNMAO, UNICEF, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, UNIMIS, and national and international NGOs, totaling 31 institutions and organizations, collaborated on RE, a significant increase from 19 in 2009. Based on the number of recipients, international and national NGOs accounted for four-fifths of RE.[80]

Several means and methodologies were used to provide RE. In 2010, the Government of Sudan took increased responsibility in planning, monitoring, coordinating, and assuring the quality of RE. The Governments of North and South Sudan had a major role in coordinating an emergency RE campaign to support the January 2011 referendum. Although there were large-scale population movements for the referendum, no mine incidents were reported. Community radio was used to communicate RE messages in local tribal languages that do not normally communicate in Arabic or English.[81]

UNICEF provided support to planning, implementation, and the management of RE at the state and national level. More than 400,000 persons, primarily refugees, IDPs, and communities impacted by mines and ERW, received RE through UNICEF-supported programs in 2010. This included 147,000 through community based presentations, over 150,000 children through school based RE and 103,000 through public campaigns.[82] Also with UNICEF support the NMAA and the Ministry of Education began integrating RE into the school curriculum in the Nuba Mountains, Western and Southern Darfur, and southern Sudan. UNICEF and the Association for Aid and Relief produced and distributed more than 1.4 million posters, leaflets, and factsheets on RE.[83]

 



[1] Aegis Trust, “Renewing the Pledge: Re-engaging the Guarantors to the Sudanese Comprehensive Peace Agreement,” 14 July 2010, pp. 1–3, www.globalwitness.org.

[2] BBC, “South Sudan referendum: 99% vote for independence,” 30 January 2011, www.bbc.co.uk.

[3] A separate profile of the mine/ERW problem in South Sudan has been added to the Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor website, www.the-monitor.org.

[4] UN, “2011 Portfolio of Mine Action Projects,” New York, March 2011, p. 287.

[5] A DA is defined by the Sudan mine action program as a SHA that has not yet been verified by UNMAO as a mined or battle area or a UXO spot clearance task, including of cluster munition remnants.

[6] UNMAO, “IMSMA Monthly Report,” December 2010, Tables 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, p. 3, www.sudan-map.org.

[7] Ibid.

[8] UNMAO, “Sudan Mine Action Sector, Multi Year Plan 2010–2014,” February 2011, p. 35, www.sudan-map.org.

[9] UNMAO, “Sudan Mine Action Sector, Multi Year Plan 2010–2014,” February 2011, p. 22. The northern states are Blue Nile, White Nile, River Nile, Kassala, Khartoum, Red Sea, Gedaref, Southern Kordofan, Sennar, Northern, Northern Kordofan, Gezira, North Darfur, South Darfur, and West Darfur. The 10 southern states are: Eastern Equatoria, Central Equatoria, Western Equatoria, Jonglei, Warrab, Lakes, Unity, Upper Nile, Northern Bahr el Ghazal, and Western Bahr el Ghazal.

[10] UNMAO, “Sudan Mine Action Sector, Multi Year Plan 2010–2014,” February 2011, p. 31.

[11] SAC, “Final Report for Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Western Bahr el Ghazal, Unity, Warrab and Lakes States,” July 2008, www.sac-na.org.

[12] UNMAO, “Sudan Mine Action Sector, Multi Year Plan 2010–2014,” February 2011, pp. 40–41.

[13] Josh Kron, “Instability Is Worsening in Southern Sudan,” New York Times, 25 April 2011, www.nytimes.com; and Maggie Fick, “Landmines Return to Southern Sudan,” 6 June 2011, MediaWorks NZ, www.3news.co.nz.

[14] “Re-sowing of landmines an issue in Sudan,” DefenceWeb (a website based in South Africa), 14 June 2011, www.defenceweb.co.za.

[15] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form C, April 2011.

[16] Email from Mohamed Kabir, Chief Information Officer, UNMAO, 2 February 2011.

[17] The locations are based on a review of cluster munition sites in the UNMAO database by the Monitor.

[18] Email from Mohamed Kabir, UNMAO, 27 June 2011.

[19] UNMAO, “IMSMA Monthly Report,” December 2010, Table 2.5, p. 6, www.sudan-map.org.

[20] Email from Leonie Barnes, Deputy Programme Manager, UNMAO, 15 August 2010.

[21] UNMAS, “2009 Annual Report,” New York, September 2010, p. 80.

[22] UNMAO, “Ordnance Disposal Office,” Darfur Regional Fact Sheet, January 2011, www.sudan-map.org.

[23] Ibid.

[24] Republic of Sudan, “Sudan Mine Action Programme Transition Plan,” UNMAO, revised April 2010, p. 5.

[25] The NMAA was established by Presidential Decree No. 299 of 24 December 2005 in accordance with Article 58(1) of the Interim Constitution for the year 2005, and Chapter VI (8.6.6) of the CPA.

[26] UNMAO, “Sudan Mine Action Sector, Multi Year Plan,” p. 7, www.sudan-map.org.

[27] UNMAO, “Ordnance Disposal Office,” Darfur Regional Fact Sheet, January 2011, www.sudan-map.org.

[28] UNMAS, “2009 Annual Report,” New York, September 2010, p. 77.

[29] UNMAO, “Regional Fact Sheet,” March 2011, p. 1, www.sudan-map.org.

[30] UNMAO, “Ordnance Disposal Office,” Darfur Regional Fact Sheet, January 2011, www.sudan-map.org.

[31] UNAMID, “UNICEF, UNAMID, partners mark International Day for Mine Awareness,” 7 April 2010, unamid.unmissions.org; and UNMAO, “Sudan Mine Action Sector, Multi Year Plan 2010–2014,” February 2011, p. 31.

[32] UNMAO, “Sudan Mine Action Sector, Multi Year Plan 2010–2014,” February 2011, p. 34.

[33] UNMAS, “2009 Annual Report,” New York, September 2010, p. 80.

[34] UNMAO, “Sudan Mine Action Sector, Multi Year Plan 2010–2014,” February 2011, p. 33.

[35] UNMAO, “Sudan Mine Action Sector, Multi Year Plan 2010–2014,” February 2011, p. 14.

[36] UNDP, “Mine Action Capacity Building and Programme Development,” www.sd.undp.org.

[37] “UN ‘stands ready’ for technical rollover of UNMIS for south Sudan: peacekeeping chief,” Xinhua news agency report in People’s Daily Online, 1 June 2011, english.peopledaily.com.cn; and email from Tim Horner, UNMAO, Juba, 8 July 2011.

[38] UNMAO, “Regional Fact Sheet,” March 2011, p. 2, www.sudan-map.org.

[39] Article 7 Report, Form A, April 2011.

[40] UNMAO, “UNMAO regional fact sheet: Southern Sudan,” March 2011, www.sudan-map.org.

[41] Sudan Mine Action Programme, “Transition plan for Sudan (north) February 2011; and “Transition plan for Sudan,” (south), March 2011; www.sudan-map.org.

[42] UNMAO in Sudan, Northern Region, “Northern Region Mine Action Office (NRMAO) profile,” January 2011, www.sudan-map.org.

[43] Interview with Tim Horner, Deputy Director South Sudan, UNMAO, in Geneva, 23 June 2011.

[44] UNMIS, “Near-verbatim transcript of the Press Conference by the Director of the United Nations Mine Action Service, Maxwell Kerley UNMIS HQ, Khartoum,” Khartoum, 28 January 2010, unmis.unmissions.org.

[45] Interview with Tim Horner, UNMAO, in Geneva, 23 June 2010; and email from Adina Dinca, Northern Region Programme Officer, UNMAO, Khartoum, 21 June 2011.

[46] UNMAO in Sudan, Northern Region, “Northern Region Mine Action Office (NRMAO) profile,” January 2011.

[47] Email from Adina Dinca, UNMAO, Khartoum, 21 June 2011.

[48] UNMAO, “Sudan Mine Action Sector, Multi Year Plan 2010–2014,” February 2011, p. 53, www.sudan-map.org.

[49] Article 7 Report, Form A, April 2011.

[50] Email from Mohamed Kabir, UNMAO, 16 May 2011.

[51] Email from Tim Horner, UNMAO, Juba, 8 July 2011.

[52] UNMAO, “IMSMA Monthly Report,” December 2010, Table 2.4, p. 5; and email from Mohamed Kabir, UNMAO, 16 May 2011.

[53] In 2009 the peacekeeping companies were downgraded from companies of 100 personnel to platoons of 40 personnel each. Email from Tim Horner, UNMAO, 8 July 2011.

[54] UNMAO, “IMSMA Monthly Report,” December 2010, Table 2.2, p. 4.

[55] Interview with Tim Horner, UNMAO, in Geneva, 23 June 2010.

[56] Interview with Simon Porter, Regional Operations Coordinator, UNAMID, Geneva, 17 March 2011.

[57] UNMAO, “IMSMA Monthly Report,” December 2010, Table 2.1, p. 4.

[58] Ibid.

[59] Email from Mohamed Kabir, UNMAO, 16 May 2011.

[60] Email from Mohamed Kabir, UNMAO, 16 May 2011, Tables 3.1 and 4.1, p. 9.

[61] Interview with Tim Horner, UNMAO, in Geneva, 23 June 2010; and UNMAS, “2009 Annual Report,” New York, September 2010, p. 75.

[62] Khalid Ibrahim Hamed, Quality Assurance Officer, NMAC, “Mine Action in North Sudan,” Journal of ERW and Mine Action, Issue 14.3/Fall 2010.

[63] This section is summarized from Gabriella McMichael and Asa Massleberg, “Landmines and Land Rights in Southern Sudan,” GICHD, Geneva, November 2010.

[64] Email from Tim Horner, UNMAO, 8 July 2011.

[65] Email from Mohamed Kabir, UNMAO, 16 May 2011.

[66] Email from Mohamed Kabir, UNMAO, 16 August 2010.

[67] Email from Mohamed Kabir, UNMAO, 27 June 2011.

[68] Email from Mohamed Kabir, UNMAO, 16 May 2011.

[69] Ibid.

[70] Ibid.

[71] UNAMID, “UNICEF, UNAMID, partners mark International Day for Mine Awareness,” 7 April 2010, unamid.unmissions.org; and interview with Simon Porter, UNAMID, in Geneva, 17 March 2011.

[72] UNMAO, “Ordnance Disposal Office,” Darfur Regional Fact Sheet, January 2011, www.sudan-map.org.

[73] UNMAO, “IMSMA Monthly Report,” December 2010, Table 7.1, p. 17.

[74] Email from Mohamed Kabir, UNMAO, 4 May 2011.

[75] MAG, “MAG confirms tragic death of colleague after incident in southern Sudan,” 18 October 2010, www.maginternational.org.

[76] “A ‘hero’s death’ for ex-Royal Navy diver Stephen Allan clearing landmines,” Southern Daily Echo, 12 April 2011, www.dailyecho.co.uk.

[77] Email from Tim Horner, UNMAO, 8 July 2011.

[78] UNMAO, “Sudan Mine Action Sector, Multi Year Plan 2010–2014,” February 2011, p. 33.

[79] UN News Centre, “Sudan restricts movement of aid workers in Darfur, UN reports,” 17 May 2011, www.un.org.

[80] UNMAO, “IMSMA Monthly Report,” December 2010, Table 6.2, p. 13.

[81] Email from Insaf Nizam, Child Protection Specialist (Mine Action), UNICEF, Khartoum, 8 May 2011.

[82] Email from Insaf Nizam, UNICEF, Khartoum, 8 May 2011.

[83] Article 7 Report, Form J, April 2011.