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Cambodia

Last Updated: 17 December 2012

Casualties and Victim Assistance

Casualties Overview

All known casualties by end 2011

64,017  since 1979

Casualties in 2011

211 (2010: 286)

2011 casualties by outcome

43 killed; 168 injured (2010: 71 killed; 215 injured)

2011 casualties by device type

33 antipersonnel mines; 68 antivehicle mines; 6 undefined mine; 16 unexploded submunitions; 88 ERW

Details and trends

In 2011, the Cambodia Mine/unexploded ordnance (UXO) Victim Information System (CMVIS) recorded 211 casualties from mines, explosive remnants of war (ERW), and cluster munition remnants. Of the total casualties, 88% (186) were civilians. Some 27% of the civilian casualties were children (51), 44 boys and seven girls. Of the total adult civilian casualties, 125 were men and 10 were women. Six casualties were deminers. Another 19 casualties were security personnel, including one Thai national. Eight of the 18 Cambodian security casualties were off-duty military personnel and the remaining 10 were police involved in an incident with an unexploded submunition.[1]

The 211 casualties recorded in 2011 represented a significant decrease from the 286 mine/ERW casualties recorded in 2010. Mine/ERW incidents decreased by almost a third, from 150 incidents in 2010 (and 2009) to 104 in 2011. The 2011 total marked the lowest number of annual casualties recorded.[2] The highest proportion of mine casualties in Cambodia since 2000 was recorded in 2011(51%), when ERW casualties first became the majority.[3] This was due to a continuing high number of antivehicle mine incidents, which caused multiple casualties, despite an ongoing decrease in antipersonnel mine casualties.[4]

As of the end of 2011, CMVIS reported at least 64,017 mine/ERW casualties in Cambodia: 19,619 people were killed and another 44,398 injured since 1979.[5]

Cluster Munition Casualties

For the period from 1998 to the end of 2011, 190 cluster munition remnant casualties were reported in Cambodia.[6] However data collection on cluster munition casualties has been limited and the total number, although not known, is thought to be much higher. Cambodia is among the countries considered to be among the states “worst affected” by cluster munitions with responsibility for significant numbers of cluster munition victims.[7]

Victim Assistance

Cambodia is responsible for landmine survivors, cluster munition victims and other survivors of ERW. Cambodia has made commitments to provide victim assistance under the Mine Ban Treaty.

Over 44,000 people are known to have been injured by mines/ERW; however, the actual number of living survivors is not known.[8]

Summary of victim assistance efforts since 1999[9]

The Cambodian Mine Action Authority (CMAA) delegated responsibility for the coordination of victim assistance to the Ministry of Social Action (MoSVY) and its support mechanism the Disability Action Council (DAC). Despite hopes for improved national disability representation following a long restructuring process by DAC, in 2010 the DAC was placed directly under ministerial authority. The focus of coordination changed from survivors to broader disability needs when the National Coordination Committee on Disabilities (NCCD) replaced the Steering Committee for Landmine Victim Assistance in 2009.

Survivors had increased opportunities to access free healthcare programs. However, emergency transportation to save lives was not widely available. Through NGO efforts to expand services and geographical coverage, physical rehabilitation improved in both quality and in the number of services available from existing service providers. Since 1999, services in physical rehabilitation have been available throughout the country from both government agencies and NGOs. Gradual improvements were made in the availability of employment opportunities, social inclusion activities and accessibility of existing services. Inclusive education programs provided by the government and relevant organizations increased. There were more vocational services for survivors in 1999 than in 2011. There has been an increased emphasis on community based rehabilitation efforts. Coordination among governmental bodies responsible for the provision of victim assistance steadily improved.

Reaching survivors in remote and rural areas remained a challenge for service providers and generally these populations did not receive adequate assistance. Many lacked education and literacy and had no work or land to live from. Overall they received little or no support and did not have full access to social services and healthcare.

Victim assistance in 2011

In 2011, emergency medical care continued to improve. Though there was an ongoing decrease in the number of prosthetic devices produced for survivors, most survivors surveyed reported having the devices they needed. The availability of economic inclusion activities was, for the most part, maintained. However, this was an area that required significant expansion.

Assessing victim assistance needs

No comprehensive, systematic needs assessment for mine/ERW survivors was reported by the government in 2011.[10] In June 2012, Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS), the Cambodian Campaign to Ban Landmines (CCBL) Survivor Network, the CMAA and the NGO Aarrupe initiated an intensive survey of survivor needs and quality of life in the six most severely affected provinces. Survey teams involve village leaders and the survey includes discussion of disability rights laws and issues. A directory of services for people with disabilities actually provided in districts was made in 2011 and planned to be released in each province through 2012.[11] In 2011, Handicap International (HI) also published referral directories of all health, livelihood and social services available in two provinces, Battambang and Kampong Cham.[12]

CMVIS provided ongoing systematic data collection of mine/ERW casualties, including numbers of survivors and referrals to services.[13] There was no mechanism in Cambodia to collect comprehensive data on persons with disabilities more generally.[14] In 2011, an agreement between the key government ministries to standardize the classifications of disability they use was also intended to assist the development of data collection.[15] In 2011, the CMAA department of Victim Assistance cooperated with the Ministry of Planning to have its victim assistance questionnaire integrated into the Commune Database which contains key information on the demographic, socioeconomic and physical assets of each commune and is used for annual planning. The Community Database, maintained by the Ministry of Planning, is also used to assess the allocation of funding to communes.[16]

Victim assistance coordination[17]

Government coordinating body/focal point

MoSVY and the DAC, as delegated by the Cambodian Mine Action and Victim Assistance Authority (CMAA)

Coordinating mechanism

National Disability Coordination Committee (NDCC)

Plan

National Plan of Action for Persons with Disabilities, including Landmine/ERW Survivors 2009–2013 (National Plan of Action)

The NDCC, co-chaired by both the MoSVY and the DAC and included some victim assistance service providers as well as other disability actors, held sub-committees on key issues.[18] The DAC operates directly under the MoSVY. In 2011, this relationship was further complicated because coordination of both the NCCD and DAC were the responsibility of a single person, leading to concerns that the DAC no longer functioned in an independent advisory role to the MoSVY. It was decided that the roles would be separated in 2012 and a new candidate to lead the DAC was identified.[19]

Based on the recommendations of a multi-stakeholder implementation report of the current National Plan of Action, the plan was extended until the end of 2013 while a new strategic plan was to be developed for the period 2014-2018.[20] When it was established in 2009, the NDCC was assigned responsibility for monitoring implementation of the National Plan of Action.[21] However, in 2011, Cambodia reported that it lacked the financial and human resources for monitoring the Plan.[22]

The MoSVY and DAC, in collaboration with partner NGOs, organized several provincial level workshops throughout 2011 to disseminate the disability law and National Plan of Action; a national workshop for reviewing CBR achievements was conducted in December 2011.[23]

In 2011, the MoSVY continued to have the core responsibility for coordinating rehabilitation services and training in vocational skills for persons with disabilities. Several other ministries were involved in disability issues, including the Ministry of Health (MoH), which promoted physiotherapy services; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, with a Special Education Office responsible for promoting inclusive education for children with disabilities; the Ministries of Public Works and Transport; and National Defense.[24]

In September 2011, the Persons with Disabilities Foundation was launched under a sub-decree of the 2009 Disability Law.[25] The Foundation’s many responsibilities include securing and administering funding from the government and donors for rehabilitation and economic inclusion services, as well as managing rehabilitation centers and developing policies for the social integration of persons with disabilities.[26]

Cambodia provided updates on progress in the coordination of victim assistance at the Eleventh Meeting of States Parties of the Mine Ban Treaty in November–December 2011 and the meeting of the Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration in May 2012. Cambodia also included updates on physical rehabilitation and medical services provided by NGOs in 2011 in Form J of its Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report. However, unlike previous year’s reporting, it did not specify the services provided to survivors and therefore was not useful for measuring progress.[27] Cambodian governmental organizations and NGOs also reported significantly on national victim assistance activities during the Victim Assistance Parallel Programme during the Eleventh Meeting of States Parties of the Mine Ban Treaty in Phnom Penh.[28]

Inclusion and participation in victim assistance

Representative organizations of survivors and persons with disabilities were included in coordination and planning activities through the NDCC. However, there was a recognized need for greater involvement of all stakeholders, especially persons with disabilities, in all areas of coordination and planning in order to achieve real positive change.[29] Cambodia had not included survivors in its official delegations to Mine Ban Treaty meetings since the Sixth Meeting of States Parties in 2006.[30] Survivors were involved in the implementation of many services provided by NGOs.[31]

Service accessibility and effectiveness

Victim assistance activities[32]

Organization

Type

Activities

Changes in quality/coverage of service in 2011

MoSVY

Government

Rehabilitation services; gradual assumption of responsibilities for funding and management of the rehabilitation sector

Ongoing

CMAA/CMVIS

Government

Services other than data collection included providing emergency food aid, house repair, funeral costs, and referrals, as well as disability awareness-raising

Ongoing; conducted service accessibility and needs assessment with partners

 

Arrupe Outreach Center Battambang

 

National NGO

Wheelchair classes for children, economic inclusion through loans and grants, youth peer support, awareness raising, inclusive dance

 

Ongoing

Buddhism for Development

 

National NGO

Assisting commune leaders to integrate people with disabilities into existing programs, including loans and conflict negotiation in Pailin and Battambang

Ongoing

Cambodian Development Mission for Disability (CDMD)

National NGO

Comprehensive community-based rehabilitation (CBR); referrals, loans, specific services to address visual impairments

Ongoing

Cambodian Volunteers for Community Development/Clear Path International

National NGO/International NGO

Economic inclusion through micro-finance, rice banking, processing, competitive pricing and distribution, community development, and infrastructure support

Increased the number of micro-finance beneficiaries and added one district

Capacity Building of People with Disabilities in Community Organizations (CABDICO)

National NGO

Referrals, awareness, and educational support

Continued significant decline in capacity in Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap and Kep

Cambodian Disabled People’s Organization (CDPO)

National DPO

National coordination, mainstreaming disability into development, advocacy (rights monitoring, awareness raising), and workshops for various relevant ministries

Ongoing; employed more people with disabilities

Disability Development Services Program (DDSP: formerly  Disability Development Services Pursat)

National NGO

Self-help groups, economic inclusion, referral, and CBR

Ongoing; continued to increase geographic coverage

Lom Orng Organisation: formerly the Cambodian War Amputees Rehabilitation Society (CWARS)

National NGO

Vocational training for persons with disabilities in Battambang

Reduced services

National Center for Disabled Persons

National NGO

Referral, education, awareness, and self-help groups

Ongoing

Opération Enfants du Cambodge (OEC)

National NGO

Home-based physical rehabilitation and referrals, education, and economic inclusion and emergency support to new mine survivors

Economic inclusion projects restarted in March and July 2011

Australian Red Cross (ARC)

(International) National society

Supports more than 60 partners working in disability in all 24 provinces, including the Cambodian Red Cross through its Cambodia Initiative for Disability Inclusion (CIDI) program

The Disability Inclusion Assistance Fund (DIAF - small grants) expanded to include women with disability, remote areas, DPO and SHG capacity development and disability mainstreaming. Electronic network reaches more than 100 people active in disability sector

Association for Aid and Relief Vocational Training for the Disabled

National NGO

Vocational training

Finished operating at the end of March 2011, and center for vocational training closed

 

Association for Aid and Relief Wheelchair for Development

National NGO

Distribution of wheelchairs

Ongoing

ADD Cambodia

International NGO

Capacity-building of national disabled persons’ organizations (DPOs); CBR

Ongoing

Cambodia Trust

International NGO

Physical rehabilitation, prosthetic devices, training, and economic inclusion

Ongoing

HI-Belgium

International NGO

CBR, support to partner organizations, and capacity-building for DPOs

Decrease in the number of physical rehabilitation beneficiaries

HI- Federation

International NGO

Support to national NGOs for economic inclusion; physical rehabilitation, disability mainstreaming activities

Ongoing; renewed support to economic inclusion

ICRC

International organization

Physical rehabilitation, outreach, referrals; components for all prosthetic centers

Slight decrease in prostheses produced for mine survivors; continued outreach services

Japan Cambodia Interactive Association

International Organization

Vocational training

Ongoing

Jesuit Service Cambodia (JSC)

National NGO

Economic inclusion, rehabilitation, peer support, awareness, and material support (housing and well grants) and referral, wheelchair production; hearing aids and ear service, psychosocial support visits to rural survivors, advocacy with cluster munition and mine/ERW survivors

Ongoing services; increased individual support to survivors; and the number of survivors employed by the organization; conducted service accessibility and needs assessment with partners and published results in 2012

New Humanity

International NGO

CBR

Ongoing

Veterans International (VI)

 

International NGO

Physical rehabilitation, prosthetics, self-help, CBR and economic inclusion

Ongoing; expanded field activities

In 2011, Cambodia reported that health services provided to new mine/ERW survivors improved in some mine/ERW affected communities.[33] Emergency services were free; however, ongoing medical care was not, and there was an urgent need for the provision of free hospital care for vulnerable people with disabilities.[34]

In 2011, the number of services provided by rehabilitation centers was unclear.[35] A decrease in the number of services reported in 2011 as compared to 2010 was attributed to a combination of incomplete monitoring of disability data, financial constraints on the centers in transition to MoSVY management, and limited assistance to cover transportation and lodging costs for beneficiaries to access services.[36] However, in 2012, CCBL survey teams reported that among survivors interviewed in villages only very few were without a prosthetic of choice.[37]

Management of rehabilitation centers remained a key issue for victim assistance. With a goal of building national ownership of the rehabilitation sector, MoSVY and international organizations which operate physical rehabilitation centers had formally agreed that MoSVY was to become responsible for the management of all provincial rehabilitation centers by 2011. Standard operating and management procedures for physical rehabilitation centers were drafted in 2011. Stock management and patient management systems were also introduced to the centers.[38] However, as of mid-2012, most international organizations continued to provide management and financial and technical support while operating centers under MoSVY coordination.[39] MoSVY lacked the capacity and finances to sustain services once it assumed management.[40] In 2011, a local NGO questioned whether appropriate exit strategies for a sustainable handover had been made by the NGOs that receive the most funding and resources for providing rehabilitation.[41]

In 2011, the ICRC continued cooperation with the MoSVY for the two centers it supported as well as the national prosthetic-orthotic component factory. The MoSVY continued to gradually take over increased financial and managerial responsibilities for running the two centers and the component factory.[42]

In January 2011, VI signed a memorandum of understanding with the MoSVY that extended the transition period for handover of rehabilitation centers from 2011 to 2013, in order to create sustainability through the process. VI planned to handover all three centers (Kien Khleang, Prey Veng and Kratie) to government management, while continuing financial support and capacity building for three years after the 2013 handover. The government did not go through with plans to relocate VI’s Kien Khleang center to Phnom Penh Thmey in 2011 due to concerns raised over the impact the move would have on accessibility for beneficiaries.[43]

In 2011, HI Belgium, which operated rehabilitation centers in Siem Reap and Takeo, joined the HI Federation, which operated the rehabilitation center in Kampong Cham. The two HI offices planned to merge into a single HI Federation office in Cambodia by 2013.[44] In 2011, operational and financial management of the physical rehabilitation centers in Siem Reap and Takeo, formerly operated by HI, was handed over to the local Provincial Department of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation (PoSVY) under the MoSVY. Both centers received support from HI in 2011, which was used to maintain their overall operations. However, in 2011 services at the centers no longer included outreach activities and the number of people served had decreased from the previous year.[45]

In order to facilitate handover of rehabilitation center management, the MoSVY was in communication with the Ministry of Finance to find the funding to support the centers, but the government wages were much lower for staff (falling from approximately US$200-300 paid by the NGOs to just $50-60 per month).[46] This resulted in staff leaving after the handover. In 2011, the local PoSVY contributed 19% of total operational budget for the Takeo center. HI supported costs for beneficiaries at the Takeo center through 2011 and then ended its support in March 2012. From April 2012, the center has almost completely closed as no technical staff remained.[47]

In Siem Reap, HI continued to sustain the overall operations and quality of services at the center by supplementing staff salaries, staff capacity building and costs of imported material. The number of beneficiaries coming from Kampong Thom and Prea Vihear provinces to attend the center dropped compared to previous years due to the discontinuation of outreach activities in both provinces in 2010. In Siem Reap, the PoSVY contributed only 9% of the center’s total operational budget. The PoSVY was supposed to cover up to 50% of the total operational budget in 2012 including all operational costs except for imported raw material and staff capacity building.[48]

Although the HI physical rehabilitation center in Kampong Cham was still in the process of the handover to government management, through 2011 the center remained nearly 100% managed by HI. HI no longer had a plan or timeframe to complete the handover of Kampong Cham center to government management, which was originally agreed to be done by 2011.[49] The Cambodian School of Prosthetics and Orthotics (CSPO), a project of the Cambodia Trust, was integrated into the National Institute of Social Affairs in 2011 after having become fully nationally-operated in 2010.[50] Cambodia Trust increased local staff salaries and reported that the quality of CSPO operations remained at previous levels, although overall funding to the CSPO decreased with no expatriate salaries in the budget.[51]

Cambodia lacked a national integrated system for psychological or psychiatric assistance, and most available services were provided by a limited number of NGOs.[52] Self-helps, groups mostly supported by NGOs, continued to provide local services at the provincial level and were monitored by the CBR network.[53] Village level survey indicated that in some areas the majority of self-help group participants were not persons with disabilities.[54]

Cambodia reported that many vocational training centers were not functioning due to a lack of financial and human resources and that there was a need for more interest in vocational training and micro-credit by international partners and NGOs. As of May 2012, the Persons with Disabilities Foundation, established in September 2011, did not yet have the capacity to provide micro-credit and income generation projects itself.[55]

Persons with disabilities continued to lack equal access to education, training, and employment. In 2011, Cambodia reported that survivors and other persons with disabilities were given priority access to vocational training in both the public and private sector.[56] However, although Cambodia has had a quota system for the employment of persons with disabilities since 2009, into 2012 the system was not yet being implemented effectively in either the public or the private sector.[57]

The 2009 Law on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities. By September 2011, the Council of Ministers had approved four sub-decrees to support the law.[58] It was reported that some 14 sub-decrees were needed for the law to be effectively implemented.[59] The 2009 law requires that buildings and government services be accessible to persons with disabilities.[60] However, inaccessibility to public buildings, transport, facilities, and referral systems continued to prevent persons with disabilities from actively participating in social and economic activities.[61]

Cambodia signed the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on 1 October 2007.

 



[1] Monitor analysis of CMVIS casualty data provided by email from Chhiv Lim, CMVIS Manager, CMAA, 17 February 2012.

[2] The 2011 casualty total was much lower than the number of casualties recorded prior to 2005 when a continuing decrease became the trend. For example, 875 new landmine/ERW casualties were recorded in 2005 and 898 in 2004. See past editions of the Monitor, www.the-monitor.org.

[3] See the 2001 edition of the Monitor, www.the-monitor.org.

[4] See the 2011 and 2010 edition of the Monitor, www.the-monitor.org. Antivehicle mine casualties were 68 in 2011, 78 in 2010, 36 in 2009 while antipersonnel mine casualties were 33 in 2011, 63 in 2010, 74 in 2009.

[5]  CMAA, “CMVIS Monthly Report December 2011,” www.cmaa.gov.kh/upload/cmvis-12-dec-2011.pdf However various reporting sources have differed. It was reported in the Landmine Monitor Report 2008, that, as of 31 December 2007, the CMVIS database contained records on 66,070 mine/ERW casualties in Cambodia: 19,402 killed and 46,668 injured. ICBL, Landmine Monitor Report 2008: Toward a Mine-Free World (Ottawa: Mines Action Canada: October 2008), www.the-monitor.org. See also, Kingdom of Cambodia, “National Plan of Action for Persons with Disabilities, including Landmine/ERW Survivors 2009–2011,” Phnom Penh, February 2009, p. 9, which reports 63,217 casualties between 1979 and August 2008.

[6] For the period 2005 to the end of 2011, 119 cluster munition remnant casualties were identified by CMVIS Another 83 casualties which occurred   prior to 2005 were reported in, HI, Circle of Impact: The Fatal Footprint of Cluster Munitions on People and Communities (HI: Brussels, May 2007), pp. 23, 26; and Monitor analysis of CMVIS casualty data provided by email from Chhiv Lim, CMVIS Manager, CMAA, 17 February 2012. See also previous Cambodia Country Profiles at the Monitor, www.the-Monitor.org. Prior to 2006, cluster munitions remnants incidents were not differentiated from other ERW incidents in data.

[7] “Draft Beirut Progress Report,” CCM/MSP/2011/WP.5, 25 August 2011, pp. 10-11, http://www.clusterconvention.org/files/2011/05/Beirut-Progress-Report-ODS-upload4.pdf. The definition of a cluster munition victim encompasses the individuals, their families and affected communities.

[8] CMVIS casualty data provided by email from Chhiv Lim, CMAA, 17 February 2012; The number of registered mine/ERW survivors who in Cambodia was reported to be 13,394. MoH and MoSVY, “Cambodia Country Report,” 8th ASEAN and Japan High Level Officials Meeting on Caring Societies, Tokyo, 30 August – 2 September 2010, p. 20, www.mhlw.go.jp.

[9] Unless otherwise noted, information presented in this section is drawn from the Cambodia country reports and profiles from 1999 to date, www.the-Monitor.org.

[10] Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 June 2011; Statement of Cambodia, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty, Phnom Penh, 29 November 2011; and Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2011), Form J.

[11] Email from Denise Coghlan, JRS, 28 June 2012.

[12] Email from Celine Abric, Operation Coordinator, HI, 28 June 2012.

[13] Analysis of CMVIS Monthly Reports for calendar year 2011.

[14] Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 24 May 2012.

[15] DAC, “Annual Report 2011,” p. 8, www.dac.org.kh.

[16] Email from Ny Nhar, CMAA, 29 July 2012.

[17] Statement of Cambodia, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty, Phnom Penh, 29 November 2011; and Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 24 May 2012.

[18] Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 June 2011; and Statement of Cambodia, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty, Phnom Penh, 29 November 2011.

[19] Interview with Sem Sokha, Secretary Of State, MoSAVY and Rotha Chan, Deputy Secretary-General, CMAA, in Geneva, 25 May 2012.

[20] Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 24 May 2012. Forty-three stakeholders contributed to the report. See, DAC, “Annual Report 2011,” p. 6, www.dac.org.kh.

[21] Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 June 2011; and Statement of Cambodia, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty, Phnom Penh, 29 November 2011.

[22] Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 24 May 2012.

[23] DAC, “Annual Report 2011,” p. 16, www.dac.org.kh.

[24] Ibid., p. 1, Phnom Penh, 2011; ICRC “Physical Rehabilitation Programme: Annual Report 2011,” Geneva, June 2012, pp. 47–48; and US Department of State, “2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Cambodia,” Washington, DC, 24 May 2012.

[25] Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 May 2012.

[26] Royal Government of Cambodia, “Sub Decree on Proceeding and Functioning of Persons with Disabilities Fund,” 3 September 2010, unofficial translation by the Embassy of Australia, by email from Elke Hottentot, HI, 21 June 2012.

[27] Statement of Cambodia, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty, Phnom Penh, 29 November 2011; Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 24 May 2012; and Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2011), Form J.

[29] “6 Month Report of Performance of the Disability Adviser: 1 July 2010 to 31 December 2010,” by email from Ngy San, MoSVY, 4 March 2011.

[30] Email from Denise Coghlan, JRS, 28 June 2012.

[31] Email from Denise Coghlan, JSC, 17 May 2011; and DAC, “Annual Report 2011,” p. 1, www.dac.org.kh.

[32] Presentation by H.E. Ith Sam Heng, Minister of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation, Parallel Programme for Victim Assistance Experts, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, 28 November 2011; Statement of Cambodia, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty, Phnom Penh, 29 November 2011; Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2011), Form J; DAC, “Annual Report 2011,” p. 6, www.dac.org.kh; emails from Phireak Mom, Community Based Mine Action Program Coordinator, CRC, 10 May 2012; email from Chan Dara, Executive Director, CDMD, 5 June 2012; email from Cresa Leonard-Pugh, Southeast Asia Resihoadent Manager, CPI, 14 June 2012; email from Bun Eang Yeang, Executive Director, CABDICO, 19 June 2012; email from Ngin Soarath, Executive Director, CDPO, 5 June 2012 and presentation by Ngin Soarath, Parallel Programme for Victim Assistance Experts, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, 28 November 2011; email from Samnang Pheng, Director, DDSP, 1 June 2012; email from Sam Oeurn Pok, Director, Lom Orng Organisation, (LO), 13 June 2012; presentation by Vimean Santepheap, NCDP, Parallel Programme for Victim Assistance Experts, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, 28 November 2011; email from Tith Davy, Executive Director, OEC, 12-13, 16 June 2012; email from Tomoko Sonoda, AAR Japan (Tokyo), 30 May 2012; email from David Curtis, CIDI Coordinator, ARC, 9 May and 31 May 2012; response to Monitor questionnaire by Prum Sovann, Program Manager, CT, 12 June 2012; response to Monitor questionnaires Laura Giani, Desk Officer, HI, 5 April and 15 June 2012; ICRC “Physical Rehabilitation Programme: Annual Report 2011,” Geneva, June 2012, p. 47–48, ICRC centers provided 1,369 prostheses for mine/ERW survivors in 2011 compared to 1,554 in 2010; “The Phnom Penh Thmey Vocational Training Center of JCIA’s activities,” 8 June 2012, http://npo-jcia.org/?p=1252#; and emails from Bak Tokyo, Country Representative,Veterans International (VI), 8 and 30 May 2012.

[33] Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 June 2011; and Statement of Cambodia, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty, Phnom Penh, 29 November 2011.

[34] Statement of Cambodia, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty, Phnom Penh, 29 November 2011; and presentation by Song Kosal, ICBL Ambassador, Parallel Program for Victim Assistance Experts, Geneva, 21–22 June 2011.

[35] Monitor analysis of MoSVY data provided by Ny Nhar, CMAA, 11 June 2012. MoSVY data indicated that 1,053 prosthesis were distributed to survivors in 2011, this would represent a decrease of some 60% from 2,584 in 2010. Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2010), Form J. However the 2011 figure may be inaccurate as the ICRC alone reported providing 1,369 prostheses for survivors in 2011. ICRC “Physical Rehabilitation Programme: Annual Report 2011,” Geneva, May 2012, pp. 47–48; and ICRC “Annual Report 2011,” Geneva, May 2012, p. 255. In 2010, there was a sharp decrease (38%) in the number of prostheses produced for mine/ERW survivors, compared to the high level provided in 2009. In 2011, repairs to prostheses for survivors decreased by half from 2010. See also previous Monitor reports for details, www.the-monitor.org.

[36] Emails from Ny Nhar, CMAA, 11-15 June 2012.

[37] Email from Denise Coghlan, JRS, 28 June 2012.

[38] Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 3 June 2008; and ICRC “Physical Rehabilitation Programme: Annual Report 2011,” Geneva, May 2012, pp. 47–48.

[39] Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 24 May 2012.

[40] Response to Monitor questionnaire Laura Giani, HI, 5 April 2012; and interview with Sem Sokha, MoSAVY and Rotha Chan, CMAA, in Geneva, 25 May 2012.

[41] Presentation by Chris Minko, Director General, National Volleyball League Disabled, Parallel Programme for Victim Assistance Experts, Mine Ban Treaty Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, Phnom Penh, 28 November 2011.

[42] ICRC “Physical Rehabilitation Programme: Annual Report 2011,” Geneva, May 2012, pp. 47–48.

[43] Emails from Bak Tokyo, Veterans International Cambodia, 8 and 30 May 2012.

[44] HI, “Support Services Coordinator - Cambodia,” www.handicapinternational.be/en/jobs/support-services-coordinator-mf-cambodia.

[45] Email from Jeroen Stol, HI, 2 June 2011.

[46] Interview with Sem Sokha, MoSAVY and Rotha Chan, CMAA, in Geneva, 25 May 2012.

[47] Email from Jeroen Stol, HI, 2 June 2011.

[48] Ibid.

[49] Responses to Monitor questionnaire Laura Giani, HI, 5 April 2012 and 15 June 2012; and email from Jeroen Stol, HI, 26 May 2011.

[50] Statement of Cambodia, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty, Phnom Penh, 29 November 2011.

[51] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Prum Sovann, Cambodia Trust, 12 June 2012.

[52] MoH and MoSVY, “Cambodia Country Report,” 8th ASEAN and Japan High Level Officials Meeting on Caring Societies, Tokyo, 30 August – 2 September 2010, p. 17, www.mhlw.go.jp.

[53] Interview with Sem Sokha, MoSAVY and Rotha Chan, CMAA, in Geneva, 25 May 2012.

[54] Email from Denise Coghlan, JRS, 28 June 2012.

[55] Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 May 2012. By mid-2012 there were only two functioning vocational training centers for people with disabilities in Cambodia, the Panteay Prieb center operated by JSC and the Phnom Penh Thmey center supported by JCIA. Email from Denise Coghlan, JRS, 28 June 2012.

[56] Presentation by Ith Sam Heng, MoSVY, Parallel Programme for Victim Assistance Experts, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, 28 November 2011.

[57] Statement of Cambodia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 May 2012.

[58] US Department of State, “2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Cambodia,” Washington, DC, 24 May 2012.

[59] ICRC, “Physical Rehabilitation Programme: Annual Report 2010,” Geneva, June 2011, pp. 41–42.

[60] US Department of State, “2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Cambodia,” Washington, DC, 24 May 2012.

[61] Presentation by Ith Sam Heng, MoSVY, Parallel Programme for Victim Assistance Experts, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, 28 November 2011; presentation by Kim Sauvon, Chief of Bureau of Mental Health, Department of Hospital Services, Ministry of Health, Parallel Programme for Victim Assistance Experts, Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, 28 November 2011.