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Ethiopia

Last Updated: 17 December 2012

Casualties and Victim Assistance

Casualties

Casualties Overview

All known casualties by end 2011

16,849 (9,431 killed; 7,401 injured; 17 unknown)

Casualties in 2011

2011: 0 (2010: 2)

2011 casualties by outcome

2011: 0 (2010: 2 injured)

2011 casualties by device type

0

The Ethiopian Mine Action Office (EMAO) reported that there were no mine/explosive remnants of war casualties in 2011.[1] Two deminers were injured in 2010.[2]

The Addis Ababa Prosthetic Orthotic Center (POC) reported that it provided prostheses to 21 newly registered landmine survivors in 2011, but did not have information on when they were injured.[3]

There were at least 16,849 casualties (9,431 persons killed, 7,401 injured and 17 for whom the outcome was unknown) through the end of 2011. Between 2004 and the end of 2011, the Monitor identified 233 casualties (90 killed; 126 injured; 17 unknown).[4] The most complete single data source remains the Landmine Impact Survey (LIS) completed in 2004, which recorded 16,616 mine and explosive remnants of war (ERW) casualties (9,341 killed; 7,275 injured).[5]

Cluster munition casualties

At least 272 casualties occurred during the use of cluster munitions in Mekele and Adigrate, Ethiopia in 1998.[6] No unexploded submunitions casualties were recorded.

Victim Assistance

Ethiopia is responsible for landmine survivors, cluster munition victims and survivors of other ERW. Ethiopia has made a commitment to victim assistance through the Mine Ban Treaty.

There are at least 7,401 known mine survivors.[7] The total number of mine/ERW survivors in Ethiopia is unknown as there is no centralized data collection; many survivors, particularly veterans, live in urban locations and in the capital which were not surveyed by the LIS.[8]

Victim assistance since 1999[9]

There was an overall gradual increase of the availability of services in rural and remote areas since 1999. However, many survivors and other persons with disabilities continued to live in poverty and far from existing facilities, which prevented them from accessing these services.

Improvements were made in health care coverage and emergency response through long-term health sector development plans linked to Ethiopia’s poverty reduction strategy. Throughout the period of victim assistance monitoring, physical rehabilitation services were limited and services were concentrated in urban areas. Most service users, particularly people with disabilities living in rural areas, had difficulty in getting to physical rehabilitation centers and had hardly any access to services. Improvements in the quality and accessibility of physical rehabilitation services were reported since 2009, though challenges in accessibility remained.

Throughout the period, the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (MoLSA) was responsible for national coordination of the physical rehabilitation sector and for issues concerning persons with disabilities more broadly, while services were coordinated by the regional Bureaus of Labor and Social Affairs offices (BoLSA) with extensive international support, particularly from the ICRC. MoLSA’s coordination of the disability sector, including victim assistance, improved markedly since 2009 and was prioritized in the development of strategies and plans. In the period before 2009, victim assistance and disability issues were not prioritized in Ethiopia because of critical development conditions overall, poor coordination among key actors, and a lack of capacity.

Psychosocial support and economic reintegration services, mostly operated by NGOs, remained limited and were inadequate to deal with the needs of mine/ERW survivors and other persons with disabilities. The availability of economic inclusion services was significantly reduced since 2009 due to the closure of Landmine Survivors Network/Survivor Corps Ethiopia. Funding for the activities of some national NGOs also decreased following the introduction of strict regulations on the activities of organizations which received international contributions in 2009.

Victim assistance in 2011

In 2011, the quality and accessibility of medical care continued to gradually improve. Ethiopia was in the process of building two new rehabilitation centers to address the shortage of coverage for rehabilitation and prosthetic devices. ICRC-supported centers increased the production of prostheses for mine ERW survivors, whereas the national center decreased production significantly from the previous year. There were some very small improvements in the availability of economic inclusion projects.

Assessing victim assistance needs

There was no centralized systematic data collection on mine/ERW survivors in Ethiopia. There was also an overall lack of disability-specific data, which negatively affected the inclusion of disability issues in socioeconomic planning and the implementation of programs.[10] However, in 2011, MoLSA was reorganizing data on persons with disabilities to create a centralized database. BoLSA collected information on their beneficiaries, including persons with disabilities, and from prosthetic/orthotic centers.[11] In 2012, the MoLSA established a full time data analysis unit which is assigned to facilitate data collection and the dissemination of data. The Ministry of Information, the Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation and the ICRC were coordinating to develop the system; the ICRC was developing the format. In addition, MoLSA developed a plan to introduce a separate data collection system for landmine survivors. [12]

Other actors collected data on their own beneficiaries, though many reported that they did not distinguish mine/ERW survivors in the data.[13] Data collection systems in prosthetic and rehabilitation systems were basic and records were often handwritten and could not be easily shared between service providers or with state institutions.[14] Throughout 2011, the Tigray Disabled Veterans Association (TDVA) was conducting an ongoing need assessment in most woredas (districts) in the Tigray region. The TDVA compiled data on its members, veterans with disability, and their families, in order to increase the availability, quality and coverage of its services.[15]

Victim assistance coordination[16]

Government coordinating body/focal point

MoLSA, responsible for issues regarding persons with disabilities, including mine/ERW survivors, for and coordinating rehabilitation

Coordinating mechanism

MoLSA and regional BoLSAs

Plan

National Plan of Action on Disability

MoLSA is responsible for issues relating to persons with disabilities, including mine/ERW survivors, and is the international focal point for victim assistance in the government. However, there is no single point of contact for disability issues within MoLSA. BoLSAs in each region of the country managed disability-related issues in a regional context using the MoLSA policy framework.[17] BoLSAs are responsible for coordinating both public and private services for persons with disabilities. MoLSA developed national policies with the input of the BoLSAs.[18] Other relevant ministries also have disability departments.[19]

The National Council of Persons with Disabilities was responsible for coordinating, evaluating and monitoring the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Council members were drawn from relevant ministries, NGOs, disabled peoples organizations (DPOs) and other stakeholders. The Council, chaired by MoLSA was preparing Ethiopia’s initial report for the CRPD due in June 2012.[20]

The Federation of National Association of Persons with Disabilities (FENAPD) met frequently to improve planning and implementation of activities to fulfill the rights and needs of persons with disabilities, including mine/ERW survivors. FENAPD also held capability-building and awareness-raising workshops throughout 2011[21] MoLSA regularly consulted FENAPD members on issues relating to the needs of persons with disabilities. [22]

There are three national strategic plans relevant to victim assistance: the Growth and Transformation Plan 2010/11–2014/15, the National Plan of Action on Disability 2010–2020, and a five-year National Physical Rehabilitation Strategy. During 2011, a plan of action for practical implementation of the National Physical Rehabilitation Strategy was drafted.[23] The National Physical Rehabilitation Strategy was included in the National Social Welfare Policy in 2010.[24] The National Social Welfare Policy was seen as a key overarching document to build sustainable services at local levels for persons with disabilities in the long term.[25]

Ethiopia provided updates with progressively more detail, as compared with previous years, on victim assistance activities within the national disability framework at the meeting of the Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration in May 2012, but not at the Eleventh Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in December 2011. As of 1 July 2012, Ethiopia had not submitted its Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 reporting for calendar year 2011.[26]

Participation and inclusion in victim assistance

Organizations representing persons with disabilities were included in coordination activities of the MoLSA and the newly formed National Council of Persons with Disabilities.[27] In 2011 there was some progress in the inclusion and participation of persons with disabilities and their representative organizations on issues relevant to them. It was still generally believed that not enough had been done to ensure active participation of persons with disabilities and that, in the future, persons with disabilities and their representative organizations need to be consulted more and be more actively involved in decision-making processes at all levels.[28]

Survivors and other persons with disabilities were included in the implementation of services by many NGOs and DPOs.[29] Mine/ERW survivors were not included on delegations at international meetings in 2011.

Service accessibility and effectiveness

Victim assistance activities[30]

Name of organization

Type of organization

Type of activity

Changes in quality/coverage of service in 2011

BoLSAs

Government

Prosthetics (in some regions), social services, social benefits, and feed back to MOLSA

Ongoing

Tikur Anbessa (Black Lion) Hospital Orthopedic Department

Government

Surgery, physical rehabilitation; prosthetics, orthotics, and physiotherapy training

Improved training in physical rehabilitation and prosthetics, but was not fully operational as a prosthetic center as designed

Prosthetic Orthotic Center (POC)

Semi- governmental

Physical rehabilitation including physiotherapy, prosthetics, production of assistive devices

Ongoing; improved the quality of orthopedic devices; prosthetic devices for survivors decreased by 66%

Addis Development Vision (ADV)

National NGO

Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) network; direct and referral services, including physical rehabilitation, educational support, economic inclusion, and peer support

Ongoing

Cheshire Services Ethiopia (CSE)

National NGO

Physical rehabilitation, prosthetics for amputees, mostly mine/ERW survivors and for other persons with disabilities and their families; child-focused CBR network; economic inclusion services for family members of children with disabilities; support to students with disabilities

Continuing increase prosthetics production by 17% from 2010; significant increase in orthopedic devices delivered to beneficiaries

Yitawekilgn Yeakal Gudatagnoch Mehiber (YYGM—Recognize Our Disability)

National NGO

Peer support, social and economic inclusion activities (established by former Landmine Survivors Network [LSN] Ethiopia)

Ongoing

Rehabilitation and Development Organization

National NGO

Physical rehabilitation, social services, and vocational training for Sudanese and Somali refugees with disabilities, including mine/ERW survivors; home-based rehabilitation; orthopedic workshop in Jijiga and satellite rehabilitation centers in refugee camps

Ongoing

TDVA

National NGO

Managed rehabilitation center in Mekele; provided economic inclusion activities and other projects specifically supporting disabled war veterans

Increased services and continued a construction project in Addis Ababa; rehabilitation center prosthetics production line improved

Ethiopian Women with Disability National Association (EWDNA)

National NGO

Psychological support, micro-credit, business training, awareness-raising, rights advocacy; enhancing participation of women with disabilities, including survivors, in economic, social, and political life through 5 branches throughout Ethiopia

Increased advocacy and maintained peer-support activities, increased economic inclusion services

Ethiopian Center for Disability and Development (ECDD)

National NGO

Promotes inclusive development in mainstream government and NGO development projects, programs and services; training and awareness-raising

Increased awareness of economic inclusion and physical accessibility requirements, in donor strategies and with regional government

HI

International NGO

Increasing and improving physical rehabilitation services, technical support, and training; capacity-building for disabled persons’ organizations; support to persons with disabilities in refugee camps

Ongoing

ICRC

International organization

Support for 7 physical rehabilitation centers; direct support to people by covering their fees at the centers; transportation and accommodation

Increased the number of survivors receiving prosthesis by 20%; ongoing training and  wheelchair production

There continued to be gradual improvement in healthcare services in 2011. The medical service directorate of the Ministry of Health started planning to strengthen the basic level or key areas of rehabilitative care that could be feasible in the Ethiopian hospital setting.[31]

Ethiopia continued to lack enough physical rehabilitation centers to meet demand, though new centers were being developed. According to the country’s Growth and Transformation Plan (for the period 2010/11-2014/15) there was a need to increase the number of prosthetic and orthotic centers from 13 to 16 to expand coverage of services for persons with disabilities. Based on the plan, two new centers were being established in Benshanguel and Gambella in 2011. Another new center, which was not in the plan, was also established in Oromia. The government provided devices, parts, components and technical support to the nascent centers.[32] The ICRC continued its support for seven of 13 physical rehabilitation centers in Ethiopia. The ICRC donated materials and components to centers operated by national partners MoLSA/BoLSAs, TDVA, Arba Minch Rehabilitation Centre, and CSE.[33]

In 2011, the number of prostheses delivered for mine/ERW survivors by ICRC-supported rehabilitation centers increased by 20% compared to 2010; the centers continued to improve wheelchair production in cooperation with the NGO Motivation.[34] The Addis Ababa POC, the largest and the oldest center in the country, improved the quality of orthotic devices, wheelchair production, and physiotherapy for persons with disabilities, including mine survivors in 2011. However, prosthetic devices delivered to mine/ERW survivors decreased by two thirds compared to 2010 and overall supply decreased by 44%.[35] The coverage of the POC’s prosthetics service decreased since 2010 due to the establishment of additional orthopedic workshops in Ethiopia that also supply prosthetic appliances.[36]

The National Rehabilitation Center of Addis Ababa University, administrated by the Orthopedic Department of Tikur Anbessa (Black Lion) Hospital, provided surgical treatment as well as some prosthetic and physical rehabilitation services.[37] The ICRC, with MoLSA, continued to provide a state-accredited multi-year course in prosthetics and orthotics at the Tikur Anbessa Hospital.[38] Handicap International (HI) continued a project which began in December 2010 to improve rehabilitation by including physiotherapy in prosthetic-orthotic centers in five hospitals.[39]

Some improvements in the quality of economic inclusion and psychological assistance for mine/ERW survivors were reported. However, the need for services remained far greater than the support and assistance available. There were few employment or training opportunities for persons with disabilities or centers that offered physically accessible facilities. Mine/ERW survivors and other persons with disabilities found loans and micro-credit services difficult to access as they were seen as a “high risk group” by the financial institutions providing loans.[40] The national NGO Recognize Our Disability continued to seek support in developing a work-skills training center for persons with disabilities on land allocated by the local government in Addis Ababa.[41] The Ethiopian Women with Disability National Association (EWDNA) completed the construction of a bakery as an income-generating project for its members.[42]

Ethiopia had at least nine community-based rehabilitation programs.[43] However, these programs provided very limited support to mine/ERW survivors due to lack of appropriate funding.[44]

The Charities and Societies Proclamation of February 2009 prohibited national NGOs from engaging in advocacy on human rights issues, including promoting the rights of persons with disabilities, if they registered to receive more than 10% of their funding from foreign sources. In 2011, DPOs which chose to continue advocating for the rights of persons with disabilities struggled to raise funds for basic activities. Due to a lack of finances, these organizations were often unable to continue services that they had previously provided directly to beneficiaries. Organizations adversely affected included EWDNA, the Ethiopian National Association of the Physically Handicapped, and the Ethiopian National Association for the Deaf and Blind.[45]

Some of these organizations left the national disability association umbrella body, FENAPD, choosing to not receive international funding in favor of maintaining their role in rights advocacy. The division created among DPOs had reportedly weakened FENAPD “which was only beginning to emerge as a strong disability voice in the country.”[46] FENAPD continued to promote the CRPD and work on disability rights issues without legal interference, despite the legislative changes.[47] MoLSA provided some funding for FENAPD and for the annual budgets of those national DPOs which can receive only 10% foreign funding.[48] The TDVA noted positive modifications made to the directives issued by the charities and societies agency in 2011.[49]

The Proclamation on the Right to Employment of Persons with Disabilities prohibits discrimination in employment on the basis of disability and also makes employers responsible for providing appropriate working conditions. According to the legislation, if the conditions of reasonable accommodation are not met, that constitutes discrimination.[50]

People with disabilities often faced serious negative societal attitudes and were made to feel that they are not useful citizens. Such discrimination prevented people with disabilities from being considered as principal beneficiaries of basic social services at community or Kebele (district) level.[51] Women with disabilities were more disadvantaged than men in employment and education. Employment legislation specifically recognized the additional difficulties faced by women with disabilities.[52] Ethiopia has a good legal framework to promote the rights of persons with disabilities. However, appropriate structures, technical skills, and a budget for fulfilling the needs of persons with disabilities still needed to be created.[53]

Most buildings in Ethiopia were not accessible for persons with disabilities; physical barriers prevented people from accessing education, public offices, and many public services. Regulations exist which require that new public buildings have an accessible entrance and accessible bathroom facilities; it does not apply to buildings constructed before the introduction of the regulation.[54] In 2011, a memorandum of understanding was developed between MoLSA and the Ministry of Urban Development and Construction to create a mechanism and standards for implementation of the Building Proclamation, including physical accessibility and collaboration with national associations of persons with disabilities.[55] The two ministries also established a technical committee which developed terms of reference for the future implementation of activities throughout the country. [56]

Ethiopia ratified the CRPD on 7 July 2010.

 



[1] Interview with Etsay Gebrehiwot, Director General, EMAO, in Geneva, 25 May 2012.

[2] Information provided to the Monitor in writing by EMAO, Addis Ababa, 15 March 2011. In March 2011, EMAO was reported as saying that deminers had been injured during clearance, but that there were no known reports of civilian casualties. Henry Guyer, “The remnants of war: Ethiopia’s buried killers,” The Ethiopian Reporter, 26 March 2011, www.ethiopianreporter.com.

[3] Emails from Yohannes Berhanu, General Manager, POC, 23 April 2012 and 3 May 2012.

[4] See previous editions of the Monitor, www.the-monitor.org. 

[5] ICBL, Landmine Monitor Report 2005: Toward a Mine-Free World (Ottawa: Mines Action Canada, October 2005), www.the-monitor.org.

[6] Circle of Impact: The Fatal Footprint of Cluster Munitions on People and Communities (Brussels: HI, May 2007), p. 52.

[7] This includes the number of survivors identified in the LIS and Monitor reporting for 2004–2011.

[8] Monitor field mission notes, Ethiopia, 11–18 May 2011; statement of Ethiopia, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 May 2012.

[9] See past Monitor reporting on victim assistance in Ethiopia, www.the-monitor.org.

[10] Wazakili, M., Wakeni, D., Mji, G. & MacLachlan, M. “The African Policy on Disability & Development (A-PODD) project in Ethiopia. Did What?” (Dublin: A Global Health Press), October 2011, p. 8.

[11] Interview with Assefa Baleher, MoLSA, 13 May 2011; and interview with Woldegabriel Gebremichael, Head of Planning Section, Tigray BoLSA, 16 May 2011.

[12] Statement of Ethiopia, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 May 2012.

[13] Telephone interview with Helena Ruud, Child Protection Officer, UNICEF, 13 August 2009; HI, “Addressing Assistance To Victims of UXO, Including Cluster Munitions, Through Development Of Physical Rehabilitation, Final Report (January - December 2010),” Addis Ababa, March 2011, p. 7.

[14] Interview with Didier Reck, Head of Physical Rehabilitation Programme (PRP), ICRC, Addis Ababa, 11 May 2011.

[15] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Selamawit Gidey, Assistant Liaison Officer, TDVA, 2 May 2012; and email from Fiseha Tegegn, TDVA Liaison Office, Addis Ababa, 18 March 2011.

[16] Interview with Assefa Baleher, MoLSA, 13 May 2011.

[17] ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2011,” Geneva, May 2012, p. 34.

[18] ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2010,” Geneva, August 2011, p. 25; and interview with Assefa Baleher, MoLSA, 13 May 2011.

[19] International Labour Organization/Irish Aid, “Inclusion of People with Disabilities in Ethiopia, Fact sheet,” July 2009, p. 2, www.ilo.org.

[20] Statement of Ethiopia, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 May 2012.

[21] FENAPD, “Annual Report 2011,” Addis Ababa 2012; response to Monitor questionnaire by Teshome Deressa, Acting Manager, FENEPAD, 23 February 2011.

[22] Interview with Assefa Baleher, MoLSA, 13 May 2011.

[23] ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2011,” Geneva, May 2012, p. 34.

[24] Statement of Ethiopia, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 June 2011; and interview with Assefa Baleher, MoLSA, 13 May 2011.

[25] Interview with Douglas Webb, Chief of Section, Adolescent Development, Protection and HIV/AIDS, UNICEF Ethiopia, 16 May 2011.

[26] Statement of Ethiopia, Tenth Meeting of States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty, 1 December 2010; and statement of Ethiopia, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 June 2011.

[27] Statement of Ethiopia, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 May 2012.

[28] Responses to Monitor questions by Mussie Tilahun, Acting Executive director, ECCD by email from Ratta Getachew, Acting Program Manager, ECCD 26 April 2012.

[29] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Selamawit Gidey, TDVA, 2 May 2012; telephone interview with Berhane Daba, President, EWDNA, 8 May 2012; and interview with Mezgebu Abiyu, Chairperson, YYGM, Addis Ababa, 12 March 2012.

[30] “CSE annual report 2011,” by email from Gebremedhin Bekel, Executive Director, CSE,  2 May 2012; response to Monitor questionnaire from Selamawit Gidey, TDVA, 2 May 2012; telephone  interview with Berhane Daba, President, EWDNA, 8 May 2012; telephone interview with Sabina Ciccone, Technical Unit Coordinator/Rehabilitation Advisor, HI, 7 May 2012; emails from Yohannes Berhanu, POC, 23 April 2012 and 3 May 2012; ICRC, “Annual Report 2011,” May 2012, p. 120; ICRC, “Annual Report 2010,” May 2011, p. 142; ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2011,” May 2012, p. 34.

[31] ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2011,” Geneva, May 2012, p. 34.

[32] Statement of Ethiopia, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 May 2012.

[33] ICRC, “Annual Report 2011,” Geneva, May 2012, p. 222. The ICRC-supported centers were in Dessie, Mekele, Arba Minch, Asela, Bahir Dar, Menegesha, and Dire Dawa.

[34] The centers delivered 532 prostheses for mine/ERW survivors in 2011, 445 in 2010, 461 in 2009, and 520 in 2008; overall the centers produced 2,127 prostheses in 2011, compared to 1,830 in 2010, 1,852 in 2009, and 1,959 in 2008.

[35] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Yohannes Beranu, POC, 23 April 2012 and additional information provided on 3 May 2012. Overall production of prostheses 2010:655/ 2011:376 and prostheses for mine survivors, 2010:220/2011:75.

[36] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Yohannes Beranu, POC, 17 February 2011.

[37] Interview with Bahiru Bezabeh, Medical Director, Addis Ababa University College of Health Science, Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa, 1 March 2011.

[38] ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2011,” Geneva, May 2012, p. 34.

[39] Telephone interview with Sabina Ciccone, HI, 7 May 2012.

[40] Interview with Gebremedhin Bekele, CSE, 11 May 2011.

[41] Interview with Mezgebu Abiyu, Chairperson, YYGM, Addis Ababa, 12 March 2012.

[42] Telephone interview with Berhane Daba, President, EWDNA, 8 May 2012.

[43] Statement of Ethiopia, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 June 2011. These were in and around Addis Ababa and in Dire Dawa, Hawassa, and Harar.

[44] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Adane Alemu, ADV, 14 February 2011.

[45] US Department of State, “2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ethiopia,” Washington, DC, 11 March 2010. Proclamation to Provide for the Registration of Charities and Charities and Societies, Proclamation No.621/2009, 13 February 2009.

[46] Wazakili, M., Wakeni, D., Mji, G. & MacLachlan, M. “The African Policy on Disability & Development (A-PODD) project in Ethiopia. Did What?” (Dublin: A Global Health Press), October 2011, p. 7.

[47] Interview with Assefa Baleher, MoLSA, Addis Ababa, 13 May 2011.

[48] Statement of Ethiopia, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 June 2011; and interview with Assefa Baleher, MoLSA, Addis Ababa, 13 May 2011.

[49] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Selamawit Gidey, TDVA, 2 May 2012.

[50] US Department of State, “2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ethiopia,” Washington, DC, 24 May 2012; and “Right to Employment of Persons With Disability” (Proclamation No. 568/2008, 25 March 2008).

[51] Wazakili, M., Wakeni, D., Mji, G. & MacLachlan, M. “The African Policy on Disability & Development (A-PODD) project in Ethiopia. Did What?” (Dublin: A Global Health Press), October 2011, p. 7.

[52] US Department of State, “2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ethiopia,” Washington, DC, 24 May 2012; and “Right to Employment of Persons with Disability” (Proclamation No. 568/2008, 25 March 2008).

[53] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Adane Alemu, ADV, 14 February 2011.

[54] “Connecting the Dots Detailed Guidance Connections, Shared Elements and Cross-Cutting Action: Victim Assistance in the Mine Ban Treaty and the Convention on Cluster Munitions & in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities” (ICBL-CMC Geneva, April 2011), p. 7.

[55] Interview with Assefa Baleher, MoLSA, Addis Ababa, 13 May 2011.

[56] Statement of Ethiopia, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 May 2012.