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Vietnam

Last Updated: 17 December 2012

Mine Ban Policy

Mine ban policy overview

Mine Ban Treaty status

Not a State Party

Pro-mine ban UNGA voting record

Abstained on Resolution 66/29 in December 2011, as in previous years

Policy

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam has not acceded to the Mine Ban Treaty. Vietnam still considers antipersonnel mines as a legitimate weapon of self-defense and has cited national security concerns, especially border security, as reasons for not joining the Mine Ban Treaty.[1]

In September 2012 a military officer noted that Vietnam has been studying the treaty but stockpiles of mines held by countries outside the treaty are of concern to Vietnam since they could be used at any time.[2] In June 2011, a representative from Vietnam said it was unlikely that the country would join the Mine Ban Treaty at this time because they are still using mines on their borders “as a form of defense.” The representative added that Vietnam was not necessarily laying new mines, but was actively maintaining them.[3]

In August 2011, the president of the Mine Ban Treaty Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, Cambodian Minister Prak Sokhonn, led a high level mission to engage Vietnamese leaders on accession to the Mine Ban Treaty.

Vietnam sent an observer delegation to the Eleventh Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in Phnom Penh in November–December 2011, but did not make any statements. This was the fifth time Vietnam participated as an observer in a Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty. Vietnam made its only statement during an intersessional Standing Committee meeting in June 2008 where it stated, “We support the humanitarian aspects of the Ottawa Convention of Anti-personnel Landmines but we could not sign it yet as it regrettably does not duly take into account the legitimate security concerns of many countries including Vietnam.”[4]

On 2 December 2011, Vietnam abstained from voting on UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 66/29 calling for universalization and full implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. It has abstained on all previous annual pro-ban treaty UNGA resolutions.

Vietnam signed but has not ratified the Convention on Conventional Weapons.

Production, stockpiling, transfer, and use

Vietnam has not made any new official statements regarding its continued need or capacity for the production of antipersonnel mines or the types and quantities it holds in stockpile.

Vietnam produced antipersonnel mines in the past.[5] In 2008, officials said that Vietnam has not produced mines since the Mine Ban Treaty came into force, but also emphasized that it reserves the right to produce mines in the future.[6] Until Vietnam issues an official public statement that it does not currently and will not in the future produce antipersonnel mines, the Monitor will continue to list Vietnam as one of the few remaining global manufacturers.

In 2003, an official confirmed the existence of a stockpile of antipersonnel mines, saying, “Vietnam does not keep large stores of landmines, but we have enough to protect our country against invasion.”[7]In September 2012, a military officer stated that in the past two years (2011-2012), Vietnam destroyed 287 tons of stockpiled antipersonnel mines as well as destroying a limited number of antivehicle mines. While unable to provide a stockpile figure, the officer stated that “significant amount of mines stocked in Vietnam have been destroyed” and that each year Vietnam destroys around 100 tons of mines. The officer also stated Vietnam needs new technology for destruction of munitions and support from international community.[8]

Vietnam told States Parties in June 2008 that “we strictly observe our policy not to export” antipersonnel mines.[9] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs previously wrote to the Monitor, stating, “Vietnam has never exported and will never export mines.”[10]

Vietnam is not thought to have used antipersonnel mines since its occupation of Cambodia in the 1980s, but it has said it reserves the right to use antipersonnel mines in the future.[11]

 



[2] ICBL meeting with Sr. Col. Phan Duc Tuan, Vice Commander of Engineering Command, Ministry of Defence, Oslo, 14 September 2012.

[3] CMC meeting with Phan Hai Anh, Assistant Director General, Department of International Organizations, in Geneva, 27 June 2011.

[4] Statement of Vietnam, Standing Committee on the General Status and Operation of the Convention, Mine Ban Treaty, Geneva, 2 June 2008; and see Landmine Monitor Report 2008, pp. 1,050–1,051.

[5] In the past, Vietnam produced copies of Chinese, Soviet, and United States (US) mines. The only mine Vietnam has reportedly produced since the 1990s is the “apple mine,” which is a recycled version of the BLU-24 (cluster) submunition dropped by the US during the Vietnam War. See Landmine Monitor Report 2006, p. 1,115; and Landmine Monitor Report 1999, p. 513.

[6] See Landmine Monitor Report 2008, p. 1,051. In 2005 and 2006, officials from the Ministry of National Defense and Ministry of Foreign Affairs told visiting delegations that Vietnam no longer produces antipersonnel mines. See Landmine Monitor Report 2007, p. 1,023.

[7] Interview with Lt.-Gen. Vu Tan, Ministry of National Defense, Hanoi, 13 May 2003. The Ministry of National Defense told the ICBL in 2006 that the stockpile consists only of mines recovered from cleared minefields, see Landmine Monitor Report 2007, p. 1,024. In May 2008, an army official informed a Canadian government delegation that Vietnam’s stockpile of antipersonnel mines will expire in a few years. He stated that Vietnam has gradually started to destroy the mines “lot by lot,” see Landmine Monitor Report 2008, p. 1,051.

[8] ICBL meeting with Sr. Col. Phan Duc Tuan, Ministry of Defence, Oslo, 14 September 2012.

[9] Statement of Vietnam, Standing Committee on the General Status and Operation of the Convention, Mine Ban Treaty, Geneva, 2 June 2008.

[10] Letter from Nguyen Manh Hung, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 8 March 2001. An internal policy document provided to the Monitor by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “The Question of Antipersonnel Mines,” 2 March 2000, also stated that Vietnam has not and will never export antipersonnel mines. Despite the denial of past export, it appears Vietnam provided antipersonnel mines to Cambodia, perhaps until the early 1990s.