+   *    +     +     
About Us 
The Issues 
Our Research Products 
Order Publications 
Multimedia 
Press Room 
Resources for Monitor Researchers 
ARCHIVES HOME PAGE 
    >
Email Notification Receive notifications when this Country Profile is updated.

Sections



Send us your feedback on this profile

Send the Monitor your feedback by filling out this form. Responses will be channeled to editors, but will not be available online. Click if you would like to send an attachment. If you are using webmail, send attachments to .

Afghanistan

Last Updated: 21 October 2011

Casualties and Victim Assistance

Casualties Overview

All known casualties by end 2010

20,756 mine/ERW casualties

Casualties in 2010

1,211 (2009: 859 )

2010 casualties by outcome

565 killed; 646 injured (2009: 212 killed; 647 injured)

2010 casualties by device type

128 antipersonnel mines; 134 antivehicle mines; 383 victim-activated IEDs; 159 unspecified mine types; 402 ERW; 2 unexploded submunitions; 3 unknown explosive items

For 2010, the Monitor identified at least 1,211 casualties due to mines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) in Afghanistan. This was a significant increase (29%) from the 859 mine/ERW casualties the Monitor identified for 2009.[1] Mines of all types, including victim-activated improvised explosive devices (IEDs), caused the most casualties (804). The vast majority of casualties in 2010, 1,095 or some 90% of the total, were civilian. Children (469) made up at least 53% of the civilian casualties where the age was known.[2] At least 74 casualties were girls and 69 were women. There were 84 military casualties.[3] Clearance accidents caused 25 deminer casualties; another six deminers were killed or injured in non-clearance-related IED incidents.

The increase in 2010 was in part due to a continuing rise in the number of victim-activated IED casualties; the 383 casualties represented 31% more than in 2009. There was also an increase in ERW casualties, up 38% from 292 in 2009. In 2011, the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan was quoted as saying that “two-thirds of all IEDs used in Afghanistan, and the vast majority that kill civilians, are designed to be triggered by a weight of between 10-100 kilograms,”[4] which places them clearly within the definition of anti-personnel mines.[5] In 2010, 83% (316) of victim-activated IED casualties recorded by the Monitor were civilians.

The Mine Action Coordination Center of Afghanistan (MACCA) recorded 661 mine/ERW casualties (237 killed; 424 injured) for 2010.[6] Children (378) accounted for 57% of MACCA recorded civilian casualties in 2010, similar to the 55% recorded in the previous year.[7] A significant rise in ERW casualties contributed to the increase from 539 mine/ERW casualties recorded by MACCA for 2009. These casualties were included in the Monitor total for 2010.

The ICRC identified 212 mine survivors among its beneficiaries who were injured in 2010. The information was not collected by MACCA and may include casualties not counted in the MACCA and Monitor totals.[8]

Some 745 casualties of cluster munition remnants were recorded between 1980 and the end of 2010. In addition, at least 26 casualties during cluster munitions strikes have been recorded.[9] MACCA recorded 20,756 casualties between 1979 and the end of 2010. No further details, such as the number of people injured and killed, were available.[10]

Victim Assistance

The total number of survivors in Afghanistan is unknown but, in 2006, was estimated to be 52,000–60,000.[11]

Assessing victim assistance needs

There was no general assessment of the needs of mine/ERW survivors in 2010.  Several service providers collected information for their own programs.  Handicap International (HI) collected data on mine/ERW casualties, which was shared with regional Area Mine Action Centers (AMAC) and the MACCA. In 2009–2010, HI was contracted by the MACCA to implement data collection and analysis of a Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Beliefs survey in mines/ERW affected communities of 10 provinces, which also included data on the services received by mine/ERW survivors. The findings were based on a relatively low number of respondents, and a wider specific survey on victim assistance was still needed.[12] In Kandahar, the needs of survivor beneficiaries of HI services were assessed and MRE community outreach teams collecting casualty data also made referrals for rehabilitation. All data was submitted to the AMAC/MACCA for national mine action planning purposes. The Afghanistan Red Crescent Society in southern Afghanistan and the provincial and regional hospitals also submit data to the AMAC.[13]

ICRC centers continued to register and assess all survivors assisted. The ICRC reported that, in 2010 and 2009, casualty data collectors were no longer gathering information from ICRC-supported rehabilitation centers on new casualties for use in the national database, as had been done regularly in past years.[14]

Although the MACCA did not support government or NGOs mine/ERW survivor needs assessments specifically, it supported the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) in data collection regarding rehabilitation services.[15] There was no injury surveillance system and plans by the MoPH to introduce one were dependent on increased funding.[16]

Victim assistance coordination[17]

Government coordinating body/focal point

MoLSAMD was the focal point and primary coordinating agency in the disability field, including victim assistance, with MACCA technical support and funding

Coordinating mechanism

MoLSAMD hosted the Disability Stakeholder Coordination Group; the MoPH, through the Disability and Rehabilitation Department, coordinated disability issues; MACCA provided financial support and its representatives worked in the key ministries

Plan

Afghanistan National Disability Action Plan 2008–2011 (ANDAP)

There was no specific victim assistance coordination; it was integrated within broader coordination mechanisms of the disability sector. The Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs, Martyrs and Disabled (MoLSAMD) continued to host the Disability Stakeholder Coordination Groups which met to strengthen coordination of disability activities, particularly in social and economic inclusion. In Kabul, eight Disability Stakeholder Coordination Group Meetings were held in 2010 and another four regional meetings were conducted in Jalalabad, Hirat, Mazar-i-Sharif, and Maimana. Participants included the Deputy Minister of MoLSAMD, regional governors, NGOs, disabled persons’ organizations and other relevant stakeholders.[18] Meetings were used to coordinate activities, share relevant information, exchange ideas, and advocate for adequate legislation for persons with disabilities at national and regional levels.[19]

The Inter-ministerial Task Force on Disability was established to improve coordination between the different ministries.[20] The MoPH’s Disability and Rehabilitation Department chaired the Disability Task Force and meetings were hosted by MoLSAMD. After a period of relative inactivity in 2009, two meetings of the Inter-ministerial Task Force were held in 2010 to work on specific issues including community-based rehabilitation (CBR) development and to raise awareness of disability issues and advocate for inclusion and mainstreaming of disability.[21]

The MoPH’s Disability and Rehabilitation Department coordinated the CBR network and was responsible for reporting on rehabilitation services; it was developing a new four-year strategy starting in 2011 (Afghan year 1390). [22] The Ministry of Education continued a four-year pilot project for inclusive education of children with disabilities, but lacked funding to extend its inclusion program as planned. [23]

The MACCA provided financial and technical support for the victim assistance-related activities of the key ministries above. In early 2011, the MACCA and UNMAS established a new sub-project to increase support to the government of Afghanistan through the Afghanistan Disability Support Program (ADSP). The ADSP’s role is to enable the government to coordinate and expand disability-related activities in Afghanistan and improve services as well as strengthen support to civil society actors.[24]

MoLSAMD planned to review the ANDAP and develop a new plan by the end of 2011. Most key ministries had also made progress in including disability in their strategic planning documents.[25] There was no monitoring of the implementation of the ANDAP in 2010. A monitoring system for the ANDAP was drafted in 2009, however it was considered too complex to implement because the capacity of the relevant ministries to provide regular monitoring had changed. A new monitoring mechanism was being developed for 2011.[26] In 2010, meetings took place in the key ministries with the participation of several organizations working in the field of disability to discuss the ANDAP, but no reporting was produced to document the progress or results.[27]

Several of the service providers attending the Disability Stakeholder Coordination Group meetings were also involved in other related coordination activities including the Advocacy Committee for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Disability Taskforce, Health Cluster and Education Cluster meetings, the CBR Network, Afghan National Society for Orthotics and Prosthetics, and MACCA coordination meetings.[28]

Afghanistan provided information on progress and challenges for victim assistance at the Mine Ban Treaty Tenth Meeting of States Parties November–December 2010, at the meeting of the Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration in June 2011.[29]

Survivor Inclusion

Mine/ERW survivors and their representative organizations were included in the planning and provision of victim assistance in 2010. Persons with disabilities were included in the Disability Stakeholder Coordination Group meetings and disabled persons’ organizations, including mine/ERW survivors groups, led or participated in representative umbrella bodies that negotiated with the government. Persons with disabilities and survivors’ representative organizations were consulted on the strategic plans of ministries and were part of their ongoing development processes. MoLSAMD was an active member of many disability stakeholders’ coordination groups and this gave survivors and disabled persons’ organizations access to government decision-makers.[30]

Mine/ERW survivors were included in the implementation of peer support, rehabilitation, and other services.[31] Persons with disabilities employed by MACCA supported the activities of the key ministries and were included in NGO activities that MACCA supported. Persons with disabilities, including MACCA staff, participated in the Tenth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty and had input to the preparation of government statements and reports.[32] However, mine/ERW survivors were not directly included as part of the official government delegation to the Tenth Meeting of States Parties or the intersessional Standing Committee meetings of the Mine Ban Treaty in 2011.

Service accessibility and effectiveness

Victim assistance activities in 2010[33]

Name of organization

Type of organization

 

Type of activity

Changes in quality/coverage of service in 2010 (Afghan year 1389)

MoLSAMD

Government

Technical support and training

Ongoing

MoPH

Government

Emergency and continuing medical care, medication, surgery, awareness-raising, counseling

Ongoing

Afghan Amputee Bicyclists for Rehabilitation and Recreation

National NGO

Physiotherapy, education and vocational training; sport and recreation

Increased vocational training activities

Afghan Landmine Survivors’ Organization (ALSO)

National NGO

Social and economic inclusion, including peer support, physical accessibility, public awareness, literacy and vocational training, and advocacy

Expanded peer support into two new provinces (Herat and Balkh) of Afghanistan and established mainstreaming centers in each province providing education opportunities and vocational training for persons with disabilities including women and children

Accessibility Organization for Afghan Disabled (AOAD)

National NGO

CBR, education, and economic inclusion, physical accessibility, access to schools for mine survivors and others persons with disabilities

Extended activities to two new provinces (Paktia and Maidan Wardak) including accessibility, accessibility in schools and vocational training

Community Center for Disabled People (CCD)

National NGO

Social and economic inclusion and advocacy in Kabul

Expanded activities in three districts of Kabul

Development and Ability Organization (DAO)

National NGO

Social inclusion, advocacy, and income-generating projects

Expanded its activities to 18 provinces of Afghanistan from 12 in 2009; included new disability support activities and awareness-raising through the media

Kabul Orthopedic Organization (KOO)

National NGO

Physical rehabilitation and vocational training, including for Ministry of Defense/military casualties

Continued production of prosthetics and increased number of economic inclusion beneficiaries

Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC)

National organization

Awareness-raising and rights advocacy program for persons’ with disabilities organization; monitoring

Increased activities with large scale awareness-raising and workshops as well as through the media

Clear Path International (CPI)

International NGO

Provided sub-grants and technical assistance to six national NGOs implementing physical rehabilitation, psychological and peer support, school accessibility, and economic inclusion activities

Increased employment of deminers with disabilities and provided grants; technical assistance and grants to nine national NGOs; benefitted more than 42,000 people

HI

International NGO

Physical rehabilitation programs operated in Herat and Kandahar, with Kandahar concentrating on prosthetics and orthopedics; also supported the physiotherapy training curriculum

Increased coverage with one new district in Helmand, Nawzad; increased training of staff and knowledge management in rehabilitation

 

Swedish Committee for Afghanistan

International NGO

CBR, physical rehabilitation, psychosocial support, economic inclusion through revolving loans, inclusive education, advocacy, and capacity-building

Improved quality of CBR services

ICRC

International organization

Emergency medical care; physical rehabilitation including physiotherapy, prosthetics, and other mobility devices; economic inclusion and social reintegration including education, vocational training, micro-finance, and employment for persons with disabilities, including mine/ERW survivors

Maintained the level of prosthetic services for mine/ERW survivors; supported one new rehabilitation center with a large catchment area

Challenges in resources and security continued and there were few overall improvements in victim assistant services in Afghanistan in 2010.[34] Little improvement in the overall accessibility of services was reported. This was mostly due to the deterioration of the security situation, which was detrimental to progress in victim assistance in general. Large geographic areas remained off limits for national and international NGOs and other organizations.[35] Progress was reported in providing physical accessibility to schools through the construction of ramps.

Activities to assist survivors were mostly provided by NGOs and international organizations under the coordination of relevant ministries. MoLSAMD noted that the funding for NGOs was low in 2010 and falling in 2011 and that without those its program would be greatly impacted. The development of a donor relations mechanism specifically to address disability programming needs was under consideration.[36]

Given the extensive need, government ministries and several international NGOs were engaged in creating health facilities throughout the country including in remote areas.[37] ICRC provided a skills training seminar on war surgery for surgeons and an emergency room trauma course for medical doctors. Lashkar Gah hospital closed due to insecurity in 2010, and ICRC-funded taxis transferred many wounded to Mirwais Hospital in Kandahar. ICRC also supported Shiberghan Hospital and blood banks at both hospitals received year-round support. Four other hospitals received ad hoc supplies to ensure readiness for mass-casualty influxes.[38]

No significant difference in the quantity of prostheses production was reported for 2010. However, the long-term availability of services increased in August 2010 when a new ICRC-run orthopedic center opened and began prosthetic production in Lashkar Gah, in the highly conflict-affected Helmand province. The first rehabilitation facility in the province, the center is designed to manufacture some 50 prosthetic devices per month. All employees were persons with disabilities. Those in need of specialized treatment were referred to the HI center in Kandahar or ICRC in Kabul.[39] The new Khost Orthopedic Workshop and physiotherapy department began providing rehabilitation services in 2011. In 2010, the first group of new certified physiotherapists with a three-year qualification graduated from the Physiotherapy Training Institute of Kabul; previously, training was for two years.[40]

The MoPH’s Disability and Rehabilitation Department trained 600 health staff in 12 Provinces about disability awareness and physical rehabilitation training in 2010, resulting in improved cooperation between health clinics and rehabilitation centers.[41] HI established three resource centers to improve the knowledge management of rehabilitation services. [42]

A lack of psychosocial support, particularly peer support, remained one of the largest gaps in the government-coordinated victim assistance and disability programs, though some national and international NGOs provided these services.[43] The MoPH’s Disability and Rehabilitation Department included psychological support information and training to health practitioners and implementing agencies as part of the integration of disability services within the MoPH Basic Package of Health Services and the Essential Package of Hospital Services. The Mental Health Department of the MoPH approved a four-year strategy for mental health that includes psychological support.[44]

In 2010, the South Asia CBR congress was held in Kabul supported by the MACCA. Following the congress, CBR was adopted as a strategy by the MoPH.[45] New CBR guidelines developed in 2010 were introduced to the relevant stakeholder and ministries during a CBR Network Meeting in January 2011.[46] The focus was on psychological support and relevant victim assistance and disability actors from both Afghanistan and Tajikistan shared experiences and information on projects and government programs.[47]

ALSO expanded its peer support into Balkh and Herat provinces.[48] However by early 2011, the main peer support program run by ALSO in Kabul had to close due to a lack of funding, leaving a severe lack of peer support services for mine/ERW survivors.

An HI social inclusion project in Herat concluded in May 2010 and the activities were included in its physical rehabilitation project. Social inclusion activities in Kabul, conducted through a local partner, were ongoing.[49] As part of a new program objective, in early 2011, the ICRC Orthopedic Program imported sports wheelchairs for sports programs for persons with disabilities including volleyball and soccer and wheelchair basketball in Mazar-i-Sharif and Herat, with both male and female teams.[50]

The constitution prohibits any kind of discrimination against citizens and requires the state to assist persons who have disabilities and to protect their rights, including healthcare and financial protection. The constitution also requires the state to adopt measures to reintegrate and to ensure the active participation in society of persons with disabilities.[51]

Differences in treatment in Afghanistan were often not based solely on needs, but were influenced by the economic and social situation of survivors as well as their gender and cause of disability. Women and elderly persons with disabilities received fewer services for these reasons.[52] The MACCA did not note discrimination within ministry work or policies.[53]

The National Law for the Rights and Privileges of Persons with Disabilities, developed in 2006, was authorized on 28 August 2010. Some civil society groups expressed concern that the law contained discriminatory provisions and was not in conformity with the principles of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).[54] In order to implement the National Law for Persons with Disabilities in the society, the government, especially the Deputy Ministry of Martyrs and Disabled, trained regional directorates in Kabul on its contents.[55]  

There was no legislation to ensure physical accessibility and this remained a significant challenge as persons with disabilities in Afghanistan lacked access to many existing services. In Kabul, for example, some 95% of public buildings were not accessible for persons with disabilities including mine/ERW survivors.[56] In August 2010, ALSO, together with NGO partners, organized a conference to promote physical accessibility and peer support attended by relevant ministries—the MoLSAMD, the Ministry of Transportation and Civil Aviation, and the Ministry of Urban Development—and other members of civil society. As a result of the workshop, MoLSAMD organized a training workshop in accessibility for most provincial mayors of Afghanistan in September 2010.[57]

ALSO made some 50 buildings accessible in 2010 and was increasing that number significantly in 2011. To address the accessibility challenges in the long term, CPI, AABRAR, ALSO, and AOAD established a Physical Accessibility Projects Consortium for Afghanistan.[58]

In 2010, DAO worked toward the establishment of an Afghanistan National Disability Federation through capacity building, rights and disability awareness training and regional coordination workshops for disabled persons’ organizations and government officials.[59] AIHRC established seven regional committees that advocated for the rights of persons with disabilities.[60]

As of 1 August 2011, Afghanistan was preparing to finalize its ratification of the CRPD. The CRPD had been adopted in June and was pending the corresponding paperwork being drafted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and sent to the UN.[61]

 



[1] MACCA recorded 661 casualties. An additional 14 casualties were recorded by HI, but had not been included in MACCA’s data because they were thought to be caused by victim-activated IEDs (of 81 casualties in 2010 recorded by HI all others were recorded in the MACA database) and the remainder was identified through Monitor media monitoring for calendar year 2010. Casualty data provided by email from MACCA, 5 April 2011 and by email from Awlia Mayar, Mine Action Technical Advisor, HI, 8 August 2011.

[2] The age of 215 casualties was not known.

[3] Military casualties included personnel from the following countries: Afghanistan 10, Canada 10, Romania 1, Georgia 4, the UK 16, and the US 43.

[4] “Report: War-related civilian deaths up in Afghanistan,” CNN, 14 July 2011, afghanistan.blogs.cnn.com.

[5] An antipersonnel IED that is victim-activated—one that explodes on contact by a person—is considered an antipersonnel mine and prohibited under the Mine Ban Treaty.

[6] Including 334 civilians, 25 deminers, one off-duty military personnel, and one casualty of unknown civilian/military status.

[7] Email from MACCA, 3 April 2010.

[8] Casualty data for 2010 provided by email from Alberto Cairo, Head of Orthopedic Program, ICRC, 24 August 2011. These casualties were not included in the 2010 total pending cross-checking.

[9] HI, Circle of Impact: The Fatal Footprint of Cluster Munitions on People and Communities (Brussels: HI, May 2007), p, 95. The ICRC recorded 707 casualties occurring during cluster munition use between 1980 and 31 December 2006 to which 38 casualties from 2007 to the end of 2010 recorded by MACCA were added. Due to under-reporting it is likely that the numbers of casualties during use as well as those caused by unexploded submunitions were significantly higher. Email from MACCA, 18 February 2010.

[10] Emails from MACCA, 24 June 2009; 10 August 2010; and 3 April 2011.

[11] HI, “Understanding the Challenge Ahead, National Disability Survey in Afghanistan,” Kabul, 2006.

[12] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Awlia Mayar, HI, 23 February 2011.

[13] Ibid.

[14] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Alberto Cairo, ICRC, 28 February 2011.

[15] Response to Monitor questionnaire by ADSP, UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS), 8 March 2011.

[16] Statement of Afghanistan, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 June 2010.

[17] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2009), Form J; response to Monitor questionnaire by ADSP, UNOPS, 8 March 2011.

[18] Response to Monitor questionnaire by ADSP, UNOPS, 8 March 2011.

[19] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Alberto Cairo, ICRC, 28 February 2011; Awlia Mayar, HI, 23 February 2011; and Said Muhammad, Assistant Director, DAO, 21 February 2011.

[20] Statement of Afghanistan, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 June 2010.

[21] Response to Monitor questionnaire by ADSP, UNOPS, 8 March 2011.

[22] Response to Monitor questionnaire by ADSP, UNOPS, 8 March 2011.

[23] Ibid.

[24] Response to Monitor questionnaire by ADSP, UNOPS, 8 March 2011; and MACCA “MAPA Annual Report 1389,” www.macca.org.af.

[25] Interview with Suraya Paikan, Deputy Minister, MoLSAMD, Kabul, 1 June 2011.

[26] Response to Monitor questionnaire by ADSP, UNOPS, 8 march 2011.

[27] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Alberto Cairo, ICRC, 28 February 2011.

[28] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Awlia Mayar, HI, 23 February 2011; Alberto Cairo, ICRC, 28 February 2011; Said Muhammad, DAO, 21 February 2011; Fahima Kohistani, Professional Deputy, KOO, 6 January 2011; Haji Ahmad Sha, Program Manager, CCD, 4 April 2011; and Ali Mohabati, Coordinator for Rights of Persons with Disabilities, AIHRC, 31 January 2011.

[29] Statement of Afghanistan, Tenth Meeting of States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty, Geneva, 1 December 2010; Statement of Afghanistan, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 June 2011; and Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2010), Form J.

[30] Responses to Monitor questionnaires by ADSP, UNOPS, 8 March 2011, and Awlia Mayar, HI, 23 February 2011; Abdul Khaliq Zazai, Executive Director, AOAD, 27 April 2011; and Haji Ahmad Sha, CCD, 4 April 2011.

[31] Responses to Monitor questionnaires by Awlia Mayar, HI, 23 February 2011; Sulaiman Aminy, Executive Director, ALSO, 27 March 2011, HI; and Alberto Cairo, ICRC, 28 February 2011

[32] Response to Monitor questionnaire by ADSP, UNOPS, 8 March 2011.

[33] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Abdul Khaliq Zazai, AOAD, 27 April 2011; Said Muhammad, DAO, 21 February 2011; Ali Mohabati, AIHRC, 31 January 2011; Awlia Mayar, HI, 23 February 2011; Haji Ahmad Sha, CCD, 4 April 2011; and Fahima Kohistani, KOO, 6 January 2011; Alberto Cairo, ICRC, 28 February 2011; ICRC, “Annual Report 2010,” Geneva, May 2011, p. 238; and email from  Karen Matthee, Director of Communications, CPI, 31 December 2010.

[34] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Ali Mohabati, AIHRC, 31 January 2011.

[35] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Alberto Cairo, ICRC, 28 February 2011.

[36] Interview with Suraya Paikan, MoLSAMD, in Geneva, 23 June 2011.

[37] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Sulaiman Aminy, ALSO, 27 March 2011.

[38] ICRC, “Annual Report 1010,” Geneva, May 2011, p. 241.

[39] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Alberto Cairo, ICRC, 28 February 2011.

[40] Response to Monitor questionnaire by ADSP, UNOPS, 8 March 2011.

[41] Ibid.

[42] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Awlia Mayar, HI, 23 February 2011.

[43] ALSO, “Conference on Peer Support and Physical Accessibility in Kabul 1st August 2010–3 Aug 2010,” www.afghanlandminesurvivors.org.

[44] Response to Monitor questionnaire by ADSP, UNOPS, 8 March 2011.

[45] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Alberto Cairo, ICRC, 28 February 2011.

[46] Response to Monitor questionnaire by ADSP, UNOPS, 8 March 2011.

[47] Ibid.

[48] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Sulaiman Aminy, ALSO, 27 March 2011.

[49] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Awlia Mayar, HI, 23 February 2011.

[50] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Alberto Cairo, ICRC, 28 February 2011.

[51] US Department of State, “2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Afghanistan,” Washington, DC, 8 April 2011.

[52] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Alberto Cairo, ICRC, 28 March 2010.

[53] Response to Monitor questionnaire by ADSP, UNOPS, 8 March 2011.

[54] ALSO, “The New Disability Law of Afghanistan,” 30 July 2011, www.afghanlandminesurvivors.org; and Statement of ICBL and Statement of Afghanistan, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 22 June 2011.

[55] Response to Monitor questionnaire by ADSP, UNOPS, 8 March 2011.

[56] ALSO, “Conference on Peer Support and Physical Accessibility in Kabul 1st August–2010, 3 Aug 2010,” www.afghanlandminesurvivors.org.

[57] “Connecting the Dots Detailed Guidance Connections, Shared Elements and Cross-Cutting Action: Victim Assistance in the Mine Ban Treaty and the Convention on Cluster Munitions & in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities” (ICBL-CMC Geneva, April 2011), p. 16.

[58] Email from Matthew Rodieck, Program Manager, CPI, 16 May 2011; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Sulaiman Aminy, ALSO, 27 March 2011.

[59] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Said Muhammad, DAO, 21 February 2011.

[60] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Ali Mohabati, AIHRC, 31 January 2011.

[61] Email from ADSP, UNOPS, 15 August 2011.