Landmine
Monitor has identified more than US$1 billion in mine action spending in the
past decade. For 2000, Landmine Monitor has identified $224 million allocated
for mine action.
However, this is far from a complete global total for mine
action spending to date and in 2000. Left out of these totals is mine action
funding from the European Community, which has averaged about €30 million
(approx. $27 million) per year in recent years, including €29.8 million in
2000 and €30.4 million in 1999; EC funding is not included in order to
avoid double counting because it appears in some cases donors reported donations
to the European Union as part of their domestic mine action spending. Also,
where known, Landmine Monitor has not included funds for research and
development into demining technologies and equipment in these totals, instead
listing R&D funding separately. The totals also do not include in-kind (as
opposed to cash) contributions from some donors. Victim assistance is included
where possible, but for some major donors landmine victim assistance funding
cannot be separated out from other non-landmine-specific programs.
These
statistics indicate an increase in global mine action funding from about $205
million in 1999 to $224 million in 2000. Substantial increases were registered
by the United States ($16.5 million), Denmark ($6.4 million) and the Netherlands
($5.3 million), as well as Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Mine
action funding fell for some major donors, such as Italy, Canada and Sweden.
Mine Action Funding in 2000: $224 million
1. USA $79.6
million
2. UK $21.5 million
3. Norway $19.2 million
4.
Germany $14.5 million
5. Netherlands $14.2 million
6. Denmark $13.4
million
7. Canada $11.9 million
8. Japan $11.9 million
9. Switzerland
$8.5 million
10. Sweden $7.9 million
11. Australia $6.8 million
12. Finland $4 million
13. Belgium $2.5 million
14. Italy $2
million
15. Austria $1.9 million
16. France $1.2 million
17.
Spain $0.9 million
18. Others $2.0 million
Mine Action Funding
Reported To Date: $1.025 billion
1. USA $303.5 million
2.
Norway $107.5 million
3. UK $78.7 million
4. Sweden $71.5
million
5. Germany $68.3 million
6. Japan $63.8 million
7.
Denmark $58.1 million
8. Netherlands $53.3 million
9. Canada $51.9
million
10. Australia $36.7 million
11. Italy $31.7 million
12.
Switzerland $31.2 million
13. Finland $23.4 million
14. France $14.1
million
15. Belgium $9.9 million
16. Austria $7.1 million
17.
Ireland $4.6 million
18. Spain $3.5 million
19. Others $6.0
million
Major Mine Action Donors
All
figures are in US dollars. Unless otherwise noted, figures include victim
assistance funding. Where known, figures do not include funds for research and
development, or contributions to the European Union. In some cases, falling
exchange rates against the US dollar make comparisons with previous years more
unfavorable than when computed in national currencies.
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA -- $303.5 million
2000 $79.6 million
1999 $63.1
million
1998 $44.9 million
1997 $30.8 million
1996 $29.8
million
1995 $29.2 million
1994 $15.9 million
1993 $10.2 million
Figures do not include landmine victim assistance funding; however, funding
for war victims programs totaled an additional $11 million in FY2000.
R&D totaled an additional $18 million in FY2000, and $63.6 million from
FY1995-1999.
NORWAY -- $107.5 million
2000 $19.2
million
1999 $21.7 million
1998 $20.8 million
1997 $16.7
million
1996 $13.5 million
1995 $11.6 million
1994 $4.0 million
Norway funds a number of demining and mine action R&D programs, but the
precise dollar amount is not known.
UNITED KINGDOM -- $78.7
million
2000-2001 $21.5 million
1999-2000 $19.5 million
1998-1999 $6.5 million
1997-1998 $6.6 million
1996 $6.3
million
1995 $6.9 million
1994 $6.3 million
1993 $5.1 million
Figures do not include victim assistance funding.
R&D totaled an additional $1.43 million in 2000-2001, and $2 million
from 1997-98 to 1999-2000.
SWEDEN -- $71.5
million
2000 $7.9 million
1999 $11.5 million
1998 $16.6
million
1997 $11.9 million
1996 $10.4 million
1995 $5.1
million
1994 $2.6 million
1990-93 $5.5 million
Figures do not include victim assistance funding.
Sweden has devoted considerable additional funds to R&D, totaling more
than $24 million since 1994; no figure for 2000 is available.
GERMANY -- $68.3 million
2000 $14.5
million
1999 $11.4 million
1998 $10.1 million
1997 $4.9
million
1996 $7.9 million
1995 $0.8 million
1994 $0.5
million
1993 $0.3 million
Germany has devoted considerable additional funds to R&D, totaling more
than $6 million since 1993; no figure for 2000 is
available.
JAPAN -- $63.8 million
2000 $11.9
million
1999 $13.2 million
1998 $8.7 million
Prior to 1998, Japan contributed approximately $30 million to mine
action.
In December 2000, Japan announced a new commitment to provide 500 million
yen (approximately $4.76 million) for demining technology
R&D.
DENMARK -- $58.1 million
2000 $13.4
million
1999 $7 million
1998 $6.2 million
1997 $5.4
million
1996 $8 million
1995 $2.3 million
1994 $2.0
million
1993 $1.7 million
1992 $1.9 million
Figures for 1992-1995 do not include bilateral contributions.
Denmark funds a number of R&D programs, including the Nordic Demining
Research Forum, but the precise dollar amount is not
known.
THE NETHERLANDS -- $53.3 million
2000 $14.2
million
1999 $8.9 million
1998 $9.3 million
1997 $10.2
million
1996 $10.7 million
Figures include some but not all victim assistance funding.
Figures prior to 1996 are not available.
CANADA -- $51.9
million
2000 $11.9 million
1999 $15.2 million
1998 $9.5
million
1997 $3.0 million
1996 $4.0 million
1995 $1.5
million
1994 $2.9 million
1993 $2.2 million
1989 $1.7 million
R&D totaled an additional $2.7 million in 2000, and $2.7 million in
1998-1999.
AUSTRALIA -- $36.7 million
2000-2001 $6.8
million
1999-2000 $8 million
1998-1999 $7 million
1997-1998 $5.9
million
1996-1997 $4.5 million
1995-1996 $4.5 million
Australia has contributed $1.79 million to the “Bushmaster” mine
detection R&D project.
SWITZERLAND -- $31.2
million
2000 $8.5 million
1999 $5.8
million
1998 Unknown
1997 $4.0 million
1996 $2.6
million
1995 $4.1 million
1994 $3.5 million
1993 $2.7
million
ITALY -- $31 million
2000 $2 million
1999 $6.5
million
1998 $12 million
Italy contributed 18 billion lire ($10.5 million) from
1995-1997.
FINLAND -- $23.4 million
2000 $4
million
1999 $5 million
1998 $6.6 million
1997 $4.5
million
1996 $1.3 million
1995 $0.7 million
1991-94 $1.3
million
FRANCE -- $14.1 million
2000 $1.2
million
1999 $0.9 million
1995-1998 $12 million
Figures include some but not all victim assistance funding.
France contributed about $33.9 million in mine action funding through the
European Union from 1995-2000, including $5.6 million in 2000.
France has devoted considerable additional funds to R&D, totaling more
than $13 million since 1993; no figure for 2000 is
available.
BELGIUM --$9.9 million
2000 $2.5
million
1999 $2.3 million
1994-1998 $5.1 million
R&D totaled an additional $1.3 million in 2000, and $4 million through
1999.
AUSTRIA -- $7.1 million
2000 $1.9
million
1999 $0.95 million
1994-1998 $4.2 million
IRELAND --
$4.6 million
2000 $0.6 million
1999 $1.4 million
1994-1998 $2.6
million
SPAIN -- $3.5 million
2000 $0.9 million
1999
$0.7 million
1998 $0.8 million
1997 $0.9 million
1996 $0.1
million
1995 $0.1 million
Among other countries contributing to mine
action funding are Slovenia ($1.8 million from 1998-2000), Luxembourg ($1.4
million from 1998-2000), Iceland ($1 million from 1997-2000), and South Korea
($760,000 from 1998-2000).
Major Mine Action Recipients
Accurate,
complete, and comparable figures for major mine action recipients are even more
elusive than those for major mine action donors. Only partial funding
information for 2000 is available from the UNMAS Mine Action Investment (MAI)
Database, as many major donors have not entered data records for 2000.
The
biggest mine action funding recipients, cumulatively, are Afghanistan,
Mozambique, Cambodia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo (in just two years),
Angola, northern Iraq, and Laos. In 2000, the top recipients were Kosovo,
Cambodia, northern Iraq, Mozambique, and Afghanistan.
Despite the fact that
global mine action funding increased in 2000, a number of mine action programs
experienced serious problems, even crises, in funding. A key problem is a lack
of long-term commitments from the donor countries.
In Afghanistan, a severe shortage of funds in 2000 led to the laying off of
a number of clearance teams.
In Angola, some mine clearance organizations have struggled with reduced
funding, erratic funding and/or donor reluctance to commit long-term in Angola.
A number of organizations had to suspend programs in 2000 or 2001 due to lack of
funding.
Funding shortfalls in 2000 and 2001 have put the existence of the Bosnia and
Herzegovina Mine Action Center at risk. Short-term funding was announced in
April that will maintain the MAC structure until September 2001.
In Cambodia, nearly all demining operations were suspended in October 2000
due to funding problems.
Afghanistan
Funding
for the UN Mine Action Program for Afghanistan (MAPA), totaled $172.8 million
from 1991 to 2000. The total of $17 million in 2000 was a substantial decrease
from $22 million in 1999. There were 12 identified donors in 2000, compared to
15 in 1999. MAPA funding includes demining and mine awareness but not victim
assistance.
Mozambique
It
is estimated that mine action funding for Mozambique totaled about $145 million
from 1993 to 2000, including approximately $17 million in 2000. Ten donors
allocated $6.6 million to the National Demining Institute in 2000 and at least
another $10.5 million was provided to mine clearance organizations. This
appears to be a substantial increase from 1999 when donors reported to the UN
Mine Action Investment Database a total of $11.4 million in funding for
Mozambique.
Cambodia
Total
funding for mine action in Cambodia is estimated to exceed $125 million since
1994, including about $25 million in 2000. In 2000, 11 donors contributed about
$9.2 million to the UNDP Trust Fund for Cambodia. In addition, 14 donors
reported to Landmine Monitor some $16 million provided directly to CMAC, to
other mine action organizations in Cambodia, and to the global UN Voluntary
Trust Fund for Mine Clearance. Despite the October crisis in funding, the 2000
total of $25 million is an increase from the $23 million identified for
1999.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Mine
action funding for Bosnia and Herzegovina is estimated at $92 million from 1995
to 2000, by fourteen donors and the World Bank. Funding for 2000 is estimated
at about $15 million, including $11.1 million from the Slovenia International
Trust Fund, about $2 million from the UNDP Trust Fund, and about $2 million from
donors bilaterally. The MAI Database reported $22.5 million in funding in
1999.
Kosovo
Mine
action funding for Kosovo totaled about $58 million in 1999 and 2000. The MAI
database reports $25 million in funding from 11 donors in 1999, and Landmine
Monitor country reports identify about $33 million in funding from 12 donors in
2000.
Angola
It
is estimated that mine action funding for Angola totaled about $56 million from
1993 to 2000. According to information provided to Landmine Monitor by donors
and mine action organizations, funding in 2000 totaled approximately $13
million. This would constitute a decrease from about $14.7 million reported to
the MAI Database in 1999.
Northern Iraq
It
is estimated that funding for mine action in northern Iraq totaled about $50
million from 1993 to 2000, including about $23 million in 2000. The Iraq Mine
Action Program, under the jurisdiction of the United Nations, is funded entirely
through the UN Oil for Food Program, which started in 1997. The MAP expended
approximately $20 million in 2000. Two key mine action NGOs, Mines Advisory
Group and Norwegian People’s Aid, receive funds apart from the UN program,
totaling about $3 million in 2000.
Laos
Mine
action funding for Laos totaled an estimated $35 million from 1994 to 2000. The
MAI Database reports funding for Laos of $26.1 million from 1994-1999, including
$7 million in 1999. Landmine Monitor country reports identify $8.6 million in
funding for 2000.
Central America -- Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua
Funding for the Organization of American States
Assistance Program for Demining in Central America, which involves mine and UXO
clearance in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, totaled totaled
$19.6 million from 1993 to 2000. In 2000 the budget for the OAS regional
program was $7.6 million, an increase from $6 million in 1999.
Croatia
Croatia has allocated considerable domestic
financial resources to demining operations, and has received some international
support. In 2000, Croatia allocated $25.3 million for mine action and received
some $6 million from foreign donors. In 1999, mine action spending totaled
$24.4 million, with $2.6 million received from foreign donors. The MAI Database
lists $8.5 million contributed from 1994-2000 by nine donors.
Developments in some other mine action recipients:
Albania
received approximately $1.2 million, primarily from the US and ITF as well as
Germany, for mine clearance.
The Landmine Impact Survey in Chad has received $1.54 million
from the UK, US, and the United Nations Foundation.
Several countries have contributed to the mine clearance program in
Ecuador with both monetary and in-kind contributions including
Brazil, Canada, Japan, Spain, and the US. In March 2001, Peru and the
Organization of American States signed an agreement to support integrated mine
action in the country.
A trust fund has been established for mine clearance in the western desert
in Egypt.
Estonia received $2.2 million in assistance from the US in
2000 for training and equipment.
Between May 2000 and February 2001, funding, including in-kind
contributions, totaling some $6 million for mine action in Lebanon
was provided by Canada, EU, Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Ukraine, UK and the
US. The United Arab Emirates has pledged $50 million for demining and
reconstruction in South Lebanon.
Canada and the US have provided funding for mine clearance in
Peru. In May 2001, Peru and the Organization of American States
signed an agreement to support integrated mine action in the country.
The Landmine Impact Survey in Thailand has received $1.655
million from Australia, Canada, Finland, Norway, UK, US, and the United Nations
Foundation.
The US announced its intention to provide $1.4 million for the Landmine
Impact Survey in Vietnam. Other donors to mine action programs in
Vietnam include Australia, Denmark, Germany, Japan, and several private
foundations.
The Landmine Impact Survey for Yemen cost of $1.65 million
with funding provided by Canada, Japan, Germany, the United States, and the
United Nations Foundation. Yemen has also received funding commitments from a
number of new donors, most significantly Saudi Arabia, which pledged $3 million
over the next three years.
UNMAS reports that the UN Voluntary
Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action, since it was established in 1994, has
received contributions from forty-two donor governments, the European Union, and
individuals. Disbursements have been made to programs in nineteen
countries.
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