Key
developments since May 2001: As part of the military buildup since December
2001, both Pakistan and India have emplaced large numbers of antipersonnel mines
along their common border. Reports of civilian casualties in Pakistan following
the recent mine-laying call into question the effectiveness of the measures
taken to protect civilians. In April 2002, Pakistan Ordnance Factories is
alleged to have offered two types of antipersonnel mines for sale in the United
Kingdom. Pakistan has now acknowledged that it has started producing both new
detectable hand-emplaced antipersonnel mines and new remotely-delivered mines.
In 2001, there were 92 new mine casualties recorded, including 36 children, in
Pakistan.
MINE BAN POLICY
Pakistan has not acceded to the Mine Ban Treaty.
In a letter to the Pakistan Campaign to Ban Landmines (PCBL) in February 2002,
the Joint Staff Headquarters stated, “Although Pakistan has not acceded to
the Mine Ban Treaty of 1997, yet we fully subscribe to the goal of eventual
elimination of APL [antipersonnel landmines]. However, unless viable
alternative of the APL is developed/made available, Pakistan would find it
difficult to join the Ottawa
Convention.”[1] In a
second letter to the PCBL in April 2002, Pakistan stated, “Although our
regional security environment and our military requirements to check any
aggressive incursions, have constrained us from joining the Ottawa Treaty,
Pakistan scrupulously adheres to a policy, including no exports, which ensures
that the mines in our military inventory will never become a cause for the
civilian casualties anywhere. This position is consistent with the basic
objective of the Ottawa
Treaty.”[2]
Pakistan abstained from voting on the pro-Mine Ban Treaty UN General Assembly
Resolution in November 2001, as it had in previous years. Pakistan did not
attend as an observer the Third Meeting of States Parties in Nicaragua in
September 2001 and did not participate in the intersessional Standing Committee
meetings in January 2002, but did attend the meetings in May 2002 in Geneva.
Pakistan is a party to Amended Protocol II of the Convention on Conventional
Weapons (CCW), and attended the Third Annual Conference of States Parties to
Amended Protocol II in December 2001. Pakistan submitted its annual report as
required under Article 13 of Amended Protocol II. In its letters to the PCBL,
Pakistan noted with respect to Amended Protocol II that it “fully complies
with its provisions,”[3]
and “ensures its full implementation, true to its letter and
spirit.”[4]
At the Second Review Conference of States Parties to the CCW, Pakistan
expressed its view on the proposal on mines other than antipersonnel mines:
“We understand the problems caused by anti-vehicle mines for peacekeeping
and peace-building operations. The proposal is still being carefully studied by
our authorities, especially its implications for our national security. We
should get rid of all mines, but without undermining the legitimate security
requirements of High Contracting Parties. This will require above all, fuller
international cooperation in particular to identify and develop viable
alternatives that evolve equal security for the States
concerned.”[5] With
regard to the proposal on Explosive Remnants of War, Pakistan said it
“does not believe that this area is ripe for negotiations. We must first
be clear about the facts and problems relating to explosive remnants of war.
Only then can we formulate an appropriate legal
instrument.”[6]
PRODUCTION
The state-owned Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF)
in the past produced six types of antipersonnel mines: minimum-metal blast mines
P2 Mk2 and P4 Mk2; bounding fragmentation mines P3 Mk2 and P7 Mk2; and
directional fragmentation/Claymore mines P5 Mk1 and P5
Mk2.[7] The private sector is
not allowed to produce or purchase
landmines.[8]
Pakistan has now acknowledged that it has started producing both new
detectable hand-emplaced antipersonnel mines and new remotely delivered mines
with self-destruct and self-deactivating mechanisms. It states the new mines
are “absolutely in line with the requirements” of Amended Protocol
II.[9] New production of
detectable versions of the P2 Mk2 and P4 Mk2 mines started after 1 January
1997.[10] In December 2001
Pakistan reported that all technical requirements of Amended Protocol II have
been appropriately included at the development, production, and user
levels.[11]
STOCKPILING
There is no official information on the size of
Pakistan’s stockpile. Landmine Monitor has, since 2000, estimated that
Pakistan holds at least six million antipersonnel mines in stockpile, based on
information provided by a senior Pakistani
official.[12] This constitutes
the fifth largest stockpile in the world. The government has neither confirmed
nor denied the number.
Pakistan has said that “conversion of the existing stocks of the
Anti-personnel mines to detectable ones is in hand and progressing as per
plans.”[13] Pakistan
opted to utilize the nine-year deferral period available under Amended Protocol
II, meaning that conversion must be completed within nine years of entry into
force (by 3 December 2007).
TRANSFER
Pakistan declared a complete moratorium on export
of antipersonnel mines in 1997, but has stated that in practice it has not
exported “since early
1992.”[14] The moratorium
became a legally binding ban through Statutory Regulatory Order No.123 (1) of 25
February 1999, and “its effective implementation is being ensured through
well laid down ‘Export Control
Procedures.’”[15]
In April 2002, Pakistan Ordnance Factories allegedly offered two types of
antipersonnel mines for sale in the United Kingdom to a journalist from Channel
4 TV, who posed as a representative of a private company seeking to purchase a
variety of weapons. The mines appeared in a brochure, which the POF Director of
Exports later claimed was out of date. He stated that “all our current
brochures do not at all have any data/reference to mines of any
sort.”[16] A similar
incident involving POF occurred in
1999.[17]
There were allegations of Pakistani-manufactured antipersonnel mines being
supplied to armed groups fighting in the Kargil region of India-administered
Kashmir in 1999.[18] In its
February 2002 letter to the PCBL, the Joint Staff Headquarters strongly denied
this, calling it a “concocted story” and stating, “The Indian
allegation of having recovered POF manufactured mines from Indian Held Kashmir
is nothing but an effort to malign Pakistan unnecessarily.... Because, for
their proximity and presence of permanently laid mines along the LoC [line of
control] in Kashmir, both countries are likely to hold some stocks/samples of
each other’s APL, acquired consequent to the de-mining actions during
de-escalation following the heightened periods of
tensions/war.”[19]
Pakistan has also said that “use of mines by the Kashmiri freedom fighters
or any other entity cannot/should not in any way be linked to Pakistan. Since
the freedom struggle in Kashmir is an indigenous movement and Pakistan only
provides political and moral support to these freedom fighters, hence, Indian
rhetoric notwithstanding, use of landmines by Kashmiri, if any, should not be
construed as having been provided by Pakistan or necessarily of Pakistani
origin.”[20]
RECENT USE
As part of the military buildup following the 13
December 2001 attack on the Indian parliament, both Pakistan and India have
emplaced large numbers of antipersonnel and antivehicle mines along their common
border. Pakistan has been reluctant to acknowledge its mine-laying. In
response to a letter from the ICBL expressing concerns regarding new use of
antipersonnel mines, the Embassy of Pakistan in Washington, D.C. stated,
“Pakistan has been obliged to take precautionary defensive
measures,” and noted its obligations as a party to Amended Protocol II and
its “unique record of clearing all minefields after the three wars in
South Asia.”[21]
A deputy superintendent of police in Toba Chacu said that Pakistani troops
had planted “a large number” of mines in areas of the Cholistan
desert, near the Indian
border.[22] There have been
reports of accidents occurring when Pakistani soldiers were planting mines. In
two separate incidents in January 2002, thirteen Pakistani soldiers were killed
and several injured while laying mines on the Indo-Pakistani
border.[23]
There have been recent landmine incidents in different districts and the
tribal areas of Pakistan, including Sibi District of Baluchistan Province,
Bahawalpur and Sialkot districts of Punjab Province and South Waziristan Tribal
Area.[24] The incidents along
the border with India are likely due to recent landmine use by the Pakistan
Army.[25]
In January 2002, one man was killed and another injured when the bicycle they
were riding hit a mine near the border village of Bajwat, near the Sialkot
working boundary. The media report cited police sources attributing the
emplacement of the mine to the Pakistani
Army.[26] In February 2002,
seven members of one family, including three women, were killed in Cholistan
when their jeep ran over a landmine. The news article said, “The area has
become a killing field as Pakistani troops have laid a large number of landmines
in the desert following a suicide attack on the Indian parliament and the
ensuing tension on the borders. The landmines, though implanted with the
defense point of view, are causing casualties of civilians as well as the army
personnel and the livestock grazing in the
area.”[27]
As a State Party to Amended Protocol II, Pakistan must provide effective
exclusion of civilians from areas containing antipersonnel mines. Reports of
civilian casualties in Pakistan following the recent mine laying call into
question the effectiveness of the measures taken to protect Pakistani civilians
from the effects of mines.
PAST USE
As noted above, Pakistan used landmines during its
three wars with India in 1947, 1965, and 1971. Pakistan also acknowledges using
mines in Kashmir. The Joint Staff Headquarters stated in April 2002,
“There are no permanently laid landmines (antitank or antipersonnel) along
the international border between India and Pakistan. However, situation is
somewhat different along the Line of Control (LOC) in Kashmir, where for regular
deployment of troops both India and Pakistan maintain permanently laid
minefields along certain portions of the LOC. However, these minefields are
properly fenced and marked as per requirements of the Amended Protocol
II.”[28] There were also
reports of use of mines by Pakistani troops in Kashmir during the Kargil crisis
in 1999.[29]
LANDMINE PROBLEM AND SURVEY
In its December 2001 Article 13 report, Pakistan
once again claimed that it “is not a mine-afflicted country,” and
stated, “There are, therefore, no mine clearance problems or
casualties.”[30] However,
it went on to acknowledge, “certain problems, in this regard, are faced in
the areas bordering Afghanistan. This is a legacy of Soviet occupation of
Afghanistan, which is one of the most mine-affected countries and continues to
remain in state of
turmoil.”[31] The Joint
Staff Headquarters reaffirmed, “The landmine casualties, reported in
Pakistan’s Tribal Areas bordering Afghanistan, are well known to be a
legacy of Russian occupation of Afghanistan from 1979-89. Though, possibility
of locating Pakistan made APL in these areas is very remote, nevertheless, even
if few such mines are located, those too may be attributed to the period of
freedom struggle by the Afghan Mujahideen against Russian occupation of their
country, when they were provided arms/ammo by the USA & Pakistan
etc.”[32]
The landmine problem is serious in the Federally Administrated Tribal Areas
(FATA) of Pakistan, especially in Bajaur and Kurram tribal
areas.[33] It is difficult to
estimate the mine-affected land in square meters as no technical or landmine
impact survey has been carried out. In addition, the landmines were not
regularly deployed nor the mined areas marked.
According to the ongoing household survey initiated by the NGO Human Survival
and Development (HSD)[34] in
August 2000, mines have the most frequent impact on agriculture and grazing
land, non-agricultural land used for collecting firewood, irrigation, and roads
and paths. In Bajaur Agency, the most mine-affected region, landmine casualties
predominantly have occurred while farming, the main local economic activity. As
of 31 August 2001, HSD had interviewed 650 landmine victims and their family
members.
Human Survival and Development carried out a one-month landmine assessment
survey for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in December
2001, collecting information in a ten kilometers radius from the seven newly
established Afghan refugee camps in FATA and Baluchistan
Province.[35] All areas
surveyed except Mohmand Agency registered landmine and UXO casualties. Landmines
have caused considerable loss to the local
communities.[36]
MINE CLEARANCE
At the Third Conference of States Parties to
Amended Protocol II in December 2001, Pakistan released a 4-page “Fact
Sheet on Pakistan’s Contribution Towards Mine Clearance Activity World
Wide.”[37] It provided
details on operations in Afghanistan (1989-91), Cambodia (1992-93), Kuwait
(post-1991 Gulf War), and Angola (1995-98), as well as in Eastern Slovenia and
Western Sahara as part of UN peacekeeping contingents. Activities have included
clearance, survey, mine risk education, training, and supervision.
Pakistan has also accepted the request of Lebanon for demining assistance to
Lebanon. A contingent of the Army’s Corps of Engineers is expected to
begin operations in 2002.[38]
In the mine-affected areas of Pakistan, no mine clearance activities have
taken place. In its April 2002 letter to the PCBL, the Joint Staff Headquarters
makes reference to Landmine Monitor’s citation of landmine incidents in
“Bajaur Agency, Kurram Agency, Malakand Agency, etc,” and then
states, “Pakistan supports de-mining and victim rehabilitation programmes
wherever needed.... This problem can be effectively addressed through the
provision of resources and assistance to the affected
areas.”[39]
According to the data collected by the PCBL and HSD, demining support is not
available in surveyed areas. In a few cases the local population have bought
mine detectors to check paths and places suspected of mine contamination. They
eventually demine, although they have no mine clearance skills.
MINE RISK EDUCATION
The Human Survival and Development household
survey revealed that the local community is unaware of proper procedures to
follow when encountering landmines: 50 percent of people surveyed will shoot to
defuse a mine; 26 percent will throw stones at landmines; and 15 percent will
light a fire. Only 8 percent report the mines to the administration, military
or elders and only one percent mark landmines with
stones.[40]
HSD, which since May 2002 operates as the Community Motivation and
Development Organization (CMDO), is providing Basic Mine Awareness and Risk
Avoidance (BMA & RA) Education to the local population in Bajaur Agency. In
2001, HSD trained 18,059 participants: 6,450 were trained in 42 schools, 7,556
in 120 public places, and 4,553 in 62 mosques. Since it started its operation
in August 2000, HSD has trained 42,435
participants.[41]
HSD/CMDO uses direct education and a community-based approach relying on the
support of volunteers. HSD/CMDO mine risk education is focused on children and
it has employed children as resource agents to disseminate the message widely.
The children are expected to pass the message to women whom HSD cannot approach
directly due to cultural barriers. The program is financed by the Swiss
Foundation for Landmines Victims Aid, which provides US$89,700 annually.
The Italian NGO Intersos provided mine risk education in refugee camps in
Pakistan from January 2001 through June 2002, with $11,000 in funding from
UNHCR.[42] It employed six
Afghan trainers.[43]
Handicap International Belgium provided mine risk education to Afghan
refugees in three camps in Baluchistan from October 2001 to March 2002. This
was part of an emergency project supported by UNHCR and Luxembourg. The project
was extended to four other refugee camps in Chaman and Dingar from April to June
2002.
In 2001, there were 92 new mine casualties
recorded, including 36 children, in Pakistan. A total of 28 people were killed
and 64 injured, of which 21 required an amputation as a consequence of their
injuries. Most of the incidents occurred in Kurram Agency, Baluchistan
Province, and North West Frontier Province. This represents an increase over
the 62 new casualties identified in 2000. However, this increase may be due to
improved data collection mechanisms in the mine-affected areas. In the first
five months of 2002, 49 new mine casualties were recorded.
Since September 1997, the PCBL has been collecting data on landmine
casualties in Pakistan from various sources including newspapers, the HSD
database on the Bajaur tribal area, and field visits to mine-affected areas.
The first recorded landmine casualty occurred in 1980; from 1980 to December
2001, 842 landmine casualties have been identified. The PCBL believes that the
number of mine casualties would be higher if a comprehensive survey was carried
out, especially in the provinces of Baluchistan and Azad Kashmir.
Landmine and UXOs Casualties in Pakistan to December 2001
Province/Area
Gender
Casualties
Requiring an Amputation
Other Injuries
NWFP
64
51
13
24
9
31
Baluchistan
13
12
1
6
0
7
Azad Kashmir
4
4
0
4
0
0
Punjab
6
3
3
3
0
3
FATA
755
513
242
307
311
137
Total
842
583
259
344
320
178
Percentage
69
31
41
38
21
The Director General of the Disarmament and Strategic Plan Division did not
respond to a request for information on military casualties caused by landmines
on the India-Pakistan border, or in demining operations abroad. However, as
previously reported, in two separate incidents in January 2002, thirteen
Pakistani soldiers were killed and several injured by landmines in the border
area.[45]
SURVIVOR ASSISTANCE
There are no specialized/specific medical,
surgical or first aid facilities available to landmine casualties close to the
mine-affected areas. Casualties are transferred to hospitals in large cities,
mostly by private vehicles or, in some cases, by ambulances. Patients must pay
for medicines, treatment, and transport. Military personnel have access to
services free of charge, and are treated in Combined Military Hospitals (CMH)
located in the big cities. Afghan mine survivors residing in Pakistan also use
the Pakistani medical infrastructure, which adds an additional strain in an
already overpopulated country.
In Bajaur Agency, the district hospital is only capable of providing basic
first aid, and in some cases there is a problem arranging transport for the mine
casualty. According to the survey conducted by HSD, organizing transport to the
hospital took 15 minutes in 11 percent of cases, 16-30 minutes in 57 percent of
cases, and more then one hour in 32 percent of cases. The injured person
reached the hospital in less than three hours in about 57 percent of cases, in
three to six hours in 41 percent of cases, and in more then six hours in two
percent of cases.[46] HSD now
provides an ambulance in Bajaur Agency to transport landmine casualties to a
suitably equipped medical facility for first aid, proper treatment, and surgery.
The service, which is free of charge, includes first aid, medicines, and the
assistance of a trained paramedic during the evacuation. In 2001, the Swiss
Foundation for Landmine Victim’s Aid (SFLVA) donated US$17,000 for this
service. In late 2001, the Mines Advisory Group (MAG) conducted an assessment in
partnership with HSD/CMDO and in 2002, Oxfam UK granted MAG funds to enable CMDO
to purchase two emergency evacuation
vehicles.[47]
There are no rehabilitation programs for landmine survivors supported by the
government in the mine-affected areas. Prosthetic facilities are available but
mine survivors have to cover the costs, and many do not have adequate resources.
Since June 2001, HSD/CMDO provides support for the physical rehabilitation of
two landmine survivors per month from Bajaur Agency. HSD/CMDO identifies the
amputees and covers all costs including transport, accommodation, and other
costs related to their stay as well as the prosthesis. Pakistan Prosthetic and
Orthotic Services (PIPOS) provides the rehabilitation service. The HSD/CMDO
program receives US$1,480 per month from the SFLVA. PIPOS is based in Peshawar
and is linked with three workshops in Karachi, Lahore, and Quetta. In addition
to prosthetic and orthotic services, PIPOS runs a four year B.Sc degree program
in prosthetics for students from all over the country, as well as from abroad.
A local NGO, Rehabilitation Center for the Physically Disabled (RCPD), which
is supported by Action for Disability UK, provides rehabilitation and vocational
training to landmine survivors in the border areas. In 2001, 759 landmine
survivors were assisted and 126 prostheses, 126 crutches, and 68 walking sticks
provided. The program was funded by the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial
Fund.[48]
Mercy Corps started the Baluchistan Community Rehabilitation Program in
November 2000. Mercy Corps, together with the Christian Hospital Quetta, have
set up an orthopedic workshop to assist disabled Afghan refugees. The workshop
also provides training in physiotherapy for the families of disabled patients.
In 2001, 4,583 people were assisted, including 529 landmine survivors who
received 74 prostheses, 14 wheelchairs, 46 crutches and 295 other assistive
devices. The program is funded by the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial
Fund.[49]
Handicap International Belgium also has a rehabilitation program for disabled
Afghan refugees in camps in Baluchistan province. Activities focused on
physiotherapy visits and the production of 82 walking aids and 20 pairs of
crutches.[50]
There are no known psychological support services accessible to landmine
survivors in the mine-affected areas.
[1] Letter to Coordinator, Pakistan
Campaign to Ban Landmines, from Joint Staff Headquarters, Strategic Plans
Division, ACDA Directorate, Chaklala Cantonment, dated 14 February
2002. [2] Letter to Coordinator,
Pakistan Campaign to Ban Landmines, from Joint Staff Headquarters, Strategic
Plans Division, ACDA Directorate, Chaklala Cantonment, dated 4 April
2002. [3] Joint Staff Headquarters
letter to PCBL, 4 April 2002. [4] Joint
Staff Headquarters letter to PCBL, 14 February
2002. [5] Statement by Ambassador Munir
Akram to the Second Review Conference of States Parties to the CCW, Geneva, 11
December 2001. [6]
Ibid. [7] See Landmine Monitor Report
1999, p. 496. [8] Annual Report under
Article 13, Amended Protocol II, CCW, 10 December
2001. [9] Joint Staff Headquarters
letter to PCBL, 14 February 2002. [10]
Joint Staff Headquarters letter to PCBL, 4 April
2002. [11] Annual Report under Article
13, Amended Protocol II, CCW, 10 December
2001. [12] See Landmine Monitor Report
2000, p. 525. [13] Joint Staff
Headquarters letter to PCBL, 4 April
2002. [14] Joint Staff Headquarters
letter to PCBL, 14 February 2002. Previously it has said no export since
1991. [15] Joint Staff Headquarters
letter to PCBL, 14 February 2002; also, Article 13 Report, 10 December
2001. [16] Letter from Pakistan Ordnance
Factory to Channel 4 (television company), 1 May
2002. [17] See Landmine Monitor Report
2000, pp. 746-749. [18] Ibid., p. 525,
and Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 568. In January 2000, Indian military
officials in Kashmir showed a Landmine Monitor researcher mines with the seal of
the Pakistan Ordnance Factory on them, claiming the mines had been recovered
from militants. [19] Joint Staff
Headquarters letter to PCBL, 14 February
2002. [20]
Ibid. [21] Letter to the ICBL from the
Embassy of Pakistan in Washington, DC, 29 January 2002. Identical language was
used in a letter to the Landmine Monitor Coordinator from Asif Durrani,
Counsellor, Pakistan Mission to the United Nations, New York, 22 July
2002. [22] “Pakistan: Landmine
Blast kills seven of a family in remote area of Punjab,” The News
(Islamabad), 14 February 2002. [23]
“Mine Blast Kills 8 Pak Soldiers,” UNI/The Hitvada (Jaisalmer,
India), 14 January 2002; “Mine Kills Five Pakistani soldiers,”
UNI/The Hitvada, 24 January 2002. [24]
PCBL Data Base of Landmine Victims. [25]
Landmine Monitor had not recorded incidents in these locations in the past, but
incidents occurred shortly after the escalation of
tensions. [26] Dawn, (English language
newspaper in Pakistan), 2 January
2002. [27] “Landmine blast kills
seven of a family in remote area of Punjab,” The News (Islamabad), 14
February 2002. [28] Joint Staff
Headquarters letter to PCBL, 4 April
2002. [29] See Landmine Monitor Report
2001, p. 569. [30] Article 13 Report, 10
December 2001. [31]
Ibid. [32] Joint Staff Headquarters
letter to PCBL, 14 February 2002. [33]
For more details see Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp. 569 –
570. [34] In May 2002, HSD merged with
the Peshawar-based Community Motivation and Development Organization (CMDO).
All of its activities are now being implemented under the name of CMDO. Emails
from Faiz Fayyaz, Chief Executive, CMDO, 11 and 15 July
2002. [35] Refugee camps included Kotkai
Campsite in Bajaur Agency FATA; Asgharo Campsite, Bassu Campsite, and Ubakzai
Campsite in Kurram Agency FATA; Malkana Campsite in Khyber Agency FATA;
Khanzadgan Campsite in Mohmand Agency FATA; and Roghani Campsite in District
Qila Abdullah Baluchistan. [36]
Landmine/UXO Assessment Survey Report of UNHCR Campsites in FATA and Baluchistan
November-December 2001. [37] “Fact
Sheet on Pakistan’s Contribution Towards Mine Clearance Activity World
Wide,” undated, distributed in Geneva on 10 December
2001. [38] Article 13 Report, 10
December 2001; Joint Staff Headquarters letter to PCBL, 14 February
2002. [39] Joint Staff Headquarters
letter to PCBL, 4 April 2002. [40] HSD,
“Landmine/UXO Assessment Survey Report of UNHCR Campsites in FATA and
Baluchistan, November-December
2001.” [41] HSD Interim Progress
Report, as of August 31, 2001. [42] Pia
Cantini, MRE Officer, Intersos, 31 July
2002. [43] Presentation by Pia Cantini,
MRE Officer, Intersos, to the Mine Risk Education Working Group, Geneva, 30 May
2002. [44] The information that follows
comes from the PCBL Data Base of Landmine Victims and the HSD Household Survey
in Bajaur Tribal Area. More detailed information is available in the full draft
version of the Pakistan country report for Landmine Monitor. It is available to
the public. [45] “Mine Blast Kills
8 Pak Soldiers,” UNI/The Hitvada, Jaisalmer, India, 14 January 2002;
“Mine Kills Five Pakistani soldiers,” UNI/ The Hitvada, Jaisalmer,
India, 24 January 2002. [46] HSD
Household Survey in Bajaur Tribal
Area. [47] Email to Landmine Monitor
(HRW) from Tim Carstairs, Policy Director, Mines Advisory Group, 1 August
2002. [48] Tracey Mole, Director, Action
for Disability, response to Landmine Monitor Survivor Assistance Questionnaire,
25 June 2002. [49] Cathy Ratcliff,
Programmes Director, Aid International/Mercy Corps Scotland, response to
Landmine Monitor Survivor Assistance Questionnaire, 15 July
2002. [50] Handicap International
Belgium Activity Report 2001.
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