Key developments since May 2002: Mozambique
completed destruction of its stockpile of 37,318 antipersonnel mines on 28
February 2003, meeting its treaty-mandated deadline. Mozambique decided to
retain 1,427 mines for training purposes, instead of none as it previously
reported. In April 2003, the National Demining Institute reported it had
re-evaluated information from the 2001 Landmine Impact Survey and decided to
reduce its estimate of mined areas by 38 percent, from 558 million square meters
to 346 million square meters. The National Demining Institute reported
clearance of a total of 8.9 million square meters of land in 2002, although
there is conflicting data.Mozambique reports that from January 2002 to
March 2003, mine risk education was provided to 202,334 persons, and 100 MRE
facilitators were trained.
Mine Ban Policy
Mozambique signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December
1997, ratified on 25 August 1998 and the treaty entered into force for it on 1
March 1999.
Domestic implementation legislation is still in preparation. In February
2003, the new director of the National Demining Institute (Instituto Nacional de
Desminagem, IND), Gamiliel Munguambe, told Landmine Monitor that the national
parliament was working on legislation related to the treaty in a joint effort by
the Commission for Juridical Affairs and the
IND.[1] He said the completion
date would depend on the Parliament. In its most recent Article 7 Report,
Mozambique stated that it was developing national legislation, but currently
“no legal measures have been taken, apart from those taken back in June
1999...”[2]
Mozambique’s most recent Article 7 Report is undated, but covers the
period from January 2002 to March
2003.[3] This is the
country’s fourth Article 7
report.[4]
Mozambique attended the Fourth Meeting of States Parties in September 2002
with a delegation led by its Minister of Defense, Tobias Dai. It also
participated in February and May 2003 Standing Committee meetings.
On 22 November 2002, Mozambique voted in favor of UN General Assembly
Resolution 57/74, promoting universalization and implementation of the Mine Ban
Treaty.
On 10 December 2002, a representative from the Mozambican Embassy to Ethiopia
and the African Union participated in the opening of a regional ICBL/Landmine
Monitor meeting held in Addis
Ababa.[5]
Mozambique has never produced or exported antipersonnel
mines.[6] In the past, it
imported antipersonnel mines from a number of
sources.[7] There is no
evidence of any use of antipersonnel mines in this reporting period.
Stockpile Destruction
Mozambique completed destruction of its stockpile
of 37,318 antipersonnel mines on 28 February 2003, meeting its treaty-mandated
deadline.[8] The mines were
destroyed in six separate
events.[9] While international
donors supported some of the costs of the destruction program, the government
paid for most of it. The destruction included stocks of antipersonnel mines
that originated from the former rebel RENAMO
movement.[10]
While Mozambique’s three previous Article 7 reports stated that no
antipersonnel mines would be retained for training or development purposes, the
2003 report indicated that 1,427 antipersonnel mines had been retained as
permitted under Article 3 and provided details on the locations of these
mines.[11]
Landmine Problem, Survey, and Assessment
Mozambique’s landmine problem is mostly the
result of a two-decade-long civil war that ended in 1992. In September 2002,
the then-IND director, Artur Veríssimo, stated that the country was still
suffering from the mine problem, but stressed that the number of mine incidents
was diminishing, reflecting a greater awareness among the
population.[12]
According to the country’s first comprehensive Landmine Impact Survey
(LIS), published in August 2001, virtually every part of Mozambique experiences
negative social and economic consequences from landmines and unexploded ordnance
(UXO).[13] In its 2003 Article
7 Report, Mozambique provided updated figures to the LIS. Because of successful
mine clearance operations, the government identified 1,249 “Suspected
Mined Areas” (SMAs) and 719 mine-affected communities, and not 1,374 SMAs
and 791 affected communities, as reported by the 2001
survey.[14] The total affected
population was estimated at 1.3 million people, down from 1.5 million. Twenty
communities with 36,000 inhabitants were classified as high-impact, 164
communities with 393,000 inhabitants were classified as medium impact, and 607
communities with 1.1 million inhabitants were classified as low-impact. While
mines are a problem in all ten provinces of the country, according to the
Article 7 Report, Inhambane is the most affected province, followed by
Zambézia and
Nampula.[15]
According to an April 2003 IND summary report, the IND cross-referenced and
reconciled all the SMAs identified in the 2001 LIS and in reports submitted to
IND between 1993 and 2002; this process resulted in a 38 percent reduction in
the total suspected mined area, from 558 million square meters to 346 million
square meters – a drop of 212 million square
meters.[16]
Since the 2003 Article 7 Report, new information has been reported by HALO
Trust, a British mine clearance NGO active in Mozambique since 1994. HALO
reported to Landmine Monitor that, by March 2003, it had re-surveyed 433 of 560
Suspected Mined Areas in the four northern provinces where it has operations and
that had been covered by the LIS. Of the 433 re-surveyed sites, HALO cleared 65
and confirmed another 86 as SMAs. However, it determined that the remaining 282
sites were in fact not affected. At the same time, HALO identified 89
contaminated sites in those four provinces that had been missed in the survey.
Thus, according to HALO’s findings, the LIS overestimated the landmine
impact for much of northern Mozambique, but also failed to identify many mined
areas.[18]
Describing the LIS, Handicap International’s demining project manager
told Landmine Monitor that the 2001 impact survey “was the first of its
kind, it was faced with several problems due to the floods, [and] access
problems.” He added that “the results were not understood by all.
Its purpose was not to be exhaustive and clearly map every mined site.
Therefore, it should be completed by a technical
survey.”[19] In terms of
technical surveys, IND reported in April 2003 “limited activities”
in all provinces except for Inhambane where “full activities are
reported.”[20]
On 15 April 2003, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, Leonardo
Simão, stated that “one of the priorities of the government is an
urgent survey which will permit a real assessment of the situation of the
country. The issue of the deactivation of landmines is of extreme importance for
the government, because, with the success of that operation, it will impel the
freedom of circulation of people and
goods.”[21]
In October 2002, officials from Mozambique and Zimbabwe held a meeting in
Chimoio (Manica) and it was reported that “the two parties also
acknowledged the existence of landmines planted along the border. They agreed to
exchange information on this matter, and to carry out joint demining
work.”[22] The government
of Mozambique is also working with its Zambian counterpart on a joint Permanent
Commission on mine clearance of the border
region.[23]
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is working to establish a
database on all mine-affected countries in the region. These countries will be
able to share experiences, advice and information among themselves and with the
international community about national and regional mine action activities. The
main office of this database is in Maputo at the IND and will be connected to
sub regional offices in Angola, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and possibly
Malawi.[24]
Mine Action Funding
According to the IND, US$16.9 million was allocated
in mine action funding for 2002, as outlined in the chart below, but it
cautioned the “amounts disbursed cannot be accurately confirmed” and
notably “fiscal years are not always uniform.” It also said that
some financial data was “unavailable” or “not received in
time.”[25]
By comparison, in 2001, thirteen donors reported to Landmine Monitor a total
of about $15.1 million in mine action contributions to
Mozambique.[26] However, it is
unlikely that was a complete picture of mine action funding for Mozambique. In
2000, Landmine Monitor had estimated a total of approximately $17.1 million in
mine action funding.[27]
Information provided directly by some donors varies considerably from the
information provided by IND in the chart above. Landmine Monitor identifies
about US$13.5 million in mine action funding for Mozambique in 2002 from 16
donors.
In Australia’s Financial Year (FY) of July 2001-June 2002,
AUS$1,724,329 (US$931,138) was spent for mine action in Mozambique. In FY July
2002-June 2003, Australia anticipates contributing AUS$405,358 (US$218,893) for
mine action in Mozambique.[29]
Austria donated €270,389 ($256,869) to the Austrian Development
Cooperation for capacity building and mine risk education in Sofala, and another
€158,180 ($150,271) to UNDP for training mine action
managers.[30]
Canada reported contributing US$1,317,342 for mine action in
Mozambique.[31] Denmark provided
DKK15,000,000 ($1,900,000) to IND, NPA, ADP and
UNDP.[32]The European
Commission contributed $950,000 to the
IND.[33] Finland provided
€336,376 (US$319,557) to UNDP and the Accelerated Demining Program for
mine clearance.[34]
France approved a Priority Solidarity Fund for mine clearance in Mozambique
totaling €1,170,000 ($1,111,500), but it not known when or if funds have
been disbursed.[35] France also
contributed a total of $687,240 toHI for demining in Inhambane
Province.[36] Germany provided
$912,007 to MgM, ADP and
GICHD.[37] Italy reports
providing €900,000 (US$855,000) to the Accelerated Demining Program and to
UNDP for the IND.[38] Italy
does not appear on IND’s chart.
The Netherlands provided $1,230,862 to HALO ($730,862 for mine clearance) and
to NPA for the integrated mine action program in Nampula Province ($500,000 for
mine clearance, dog training, local capacity
building).[39] New Zealand made
an in-kind contribution valued at NZ$190,000 (US$108,300) for two advisors from
the New Zealand Defence Force to assist the Accelerated Demining
Program.[40]
Norway provided $1,875,000 to NPA for mine action and $375,000 to HI France
for mine clearance in 2002.[41]
Sweden provided SEK9 million ($926,000), including SEK5 million to NPA for mine
clearance, mine risk education, and capacity building, and SEK4 million to UNDP
for mine clearance and capacity
building.[42] Switzerland
donated $1,160,000 for demining in North and Matalane regions by HALO Trust,
National Demining Institute, the Accelerated Demining Program, and
UNDP.[43]
The United States has been the largest donor to mine action in Mozambique,
providing nearly $29 million since 1993. For its fiscal year 2002, the United
States allocated $2,424,000, primarily for demining and training of IND staff.
This included $2.11 from the State Department, $14,000 from the Defense
Department, and $300,000 from the Centers for Disease Control. It estimates a
contribution of $3.01 million in FY 2003, and $1.75 million in FY
2004.[44]
In April 2003, the Minister of Foreign Affair and Cooperation, Leonardo
Simão reportedly stated that, “10 million euros will be needed in
order for Mozambique to get rid of the danger caused by these
devices.”[45]
In July 2002, IND held a meeting in Maputo of international donors,
government representatives, and NGOs and individuals working in the mine action
sector to review the past ten years of mine action activities and consider
perspectives for the future. During the meeting, on 22 July 2002, IND stated it
would need about US$2.9 million for demining operations over the next two
years.[46]
Mine Action Coordination and Planning
The National Demining Institute is a
semi-autonomous governmental institute reporting directly to the Minister of
Foreign Affairs, which coordinates all mine action in the country. Besides its
headquarters in Maputo, IND has a regional office in Beira (Sofala Province) for
the central region and another in Nampula for the northern part of the
country.[47] A National
Demining Fund (Fundo Nacional de Desminagem, FUNAD) has been established.
From March 2000 to March 2003, the UN Development Program provided
capacity-building assistance to IND. Four senior staff from IND and the
Accelerated Demining Program completed UNDP’s Senior Management Training
Course at Cranfield University and all IND department heads have received middle
management training, delivered through a joint effort of Cranfield University
and a private Mozambican
university.[48] Another
Cranfield management training was held in Maputo in May and June 2003 for IND
and ADP, along with mine action practitioners from
Angola.[49]
As reported in last year’s Landmine Monitor Report, at the end
of 2001, the IND produced its first Five Year National Mine Action Plan:
2002-2006 (NMAP). The plan and its priorities are based on the information and
findings of the Landmine Impact
Survey.[50] The mission of the
plan is to create a “mine-impact free” Mozambique, defined as
“the elimination of impediments to fundamental socio-economic activity and
significant reduction in the risk of encountering landmines,” within ten
years. To reach this goal, the first five year plan must accomplish the
following: all high and medium impact sites must be cleared and all UXO
destroyed; all existing stockpiles destroyed; remaining low impact areas must be
surveyed and marked; there must be a fully operational national mine risk
education program and long-term survivor and victim assistance programs
established.[51]
An Inter-Ministerial Standing Committee chaired by the Director of IND has
been created. In February 2003, the director of IND stated, “Soon we will
be adopting the National Mine Action Standards that take into account
international standards, while IMSMA based socio-economic impact mine action
tasking and evaluation forms are in their final stages for adoption. These
efforts are geared towards the establishment of the proper safe environment for
mine action, as well as ensure transparency in the management of the funds
earmarked for these
activities.”[52]
IND anticipates that after completing the major tasks by 2006, there will
still be a large number of low priority suspected mined areas – perhaps as
many as 900 distributed throughout the country. IND’s director said,
“This means that the country will still be in need of further assistance
beyond 2006. We are currently working towards assessing the real situation, and
we hope to be able to discuss the outcome with our partners, both domestic and
international, in a major conference to be convened in Maputo by
2004.”[53]
Mine action is integrated into the government’s Plano de
Acção para a Redução da Pobreza Absoluta (Absolute
Poverty Reduction Plan of Action, PARPA), which is aimed at reducing poverty by
20 percent over the next ten years and raising the standard of living of all
Mozambicans.[54] In keeping
with these overall national priority concerns, the National Mine Action Plan
adopts a “development orientated” approach that seeks to maximize
the socio-economic impact and benefit of mine action in the
country.[55]
During the July 2002 ten-year mine action meeting hosted by IND, some
participants criticized the government’s strategy, noting “various
sectors such as agriculture do not include the mine problematic in their
activity plans which delays the explosives devices removal.” Some of the
NGO operators there also noted that there are situations where the
government’s plans are “contradictory,” such as when the
government cites mine removal as a priority for the development of the country,
but such priorities are not properly reflected in the
PARPA.[56] In June 2003, in
discussing the NMAP, Handicap International’s Chief of Project said that
“coordination clearly improved but priority criteria based on the LIS
still have to be
clarified.”[57]
Mine Action
A January 2003 media report cited IND as stating
that demining operations have destroyed 78,113 antipersonnel mines in the past
ten years, in a total area of 186 square kilometers, using US$160 million in
funds.[58]
According to an IND activity report for 2002, a total of 8.9 million square
meters of land were cleared in 2002, a slight increase over the 2001 figure of
8.7 million square meters.[59]
But for 2002, there is conflicting mine action data from Mozambique, as Landmine
Monitor had also reported for
2001.[60]
For example, in February 2003, the IND director reported, “To date,
following completion of the first year of implementation of the five-year plan,
four of the 19 high impact sites, ten of the 165 medium impact sites, have been
already cleared. In addition, a total area of 7,371,806 m2 [square meters] in
20 areas were cleared, that include bridges and roads, schools, villages and
power lines. In that process, 1,013 mines were
destroyed.”[61] In its
2002 activity report, IND states that a total of 11,532 mines (of which 10,401
were antipersonnel mines) and 1,862 UXO were
destroyed.[62]
Also in 2002, IND-reported clearance statistics did not always match figures
as provided by NGO demining operators directly to Landmine Monitor. In the
chart below, the clearance data in parentheses are the numbers provided directly
to Landmine Monitor, all other numbers came from the IND.
In April 2003, the IND said mine action organizations operating in Mozambique
included five accredited NGO demining organizations, eleven commercial firms,
and two quality assurance operators. Collectively the NGOs operate in all ten
provinces and concentrate on “humanitarian” demining tasks. In the
NGO sector, there are approximately 1,016 full-time deminers, eight machines,
and 24 mine detection dogs.[64]
Commercial operators undertake contract work that is either managed via IND
or through a direct contract with a client. According to one mine action study,
“One distinctive feature of mine action in Mozambique has been the extent
of commercial involvement. By 1997, as much as 45 per cent of the total funding
had gone to different commercial
companies.”[65]
Norwegian People’s Aid
(NPA):[66] NPA works
in Tete, Manica and Sofala provinces. It has a mine action program staff of
approximately 550 in Mozambique, of which about 350 are directly involved in
mine clearance and mine survey tasks. It uses about ten mine detection dogs. In
2002, NPA cleared and conducted technical survey on a total of 1,989,935 square
meters of land destroying 468 antipersonnel mines, four antivehicle mines and
191 UXO. In 2002, NPA’s mine action budget for the Mozambique program
totaled approximately NOK 31 million (US$3,875,000), and donor support was
provided by Denmark (DANIDA), Netherlands, Norway (NORAD), and Sweden (SIDA).
From January to March 2003, NPA cleared a total of 129,829 square meters. In
2003, NPA plans to introduce a mechanical component to its mine action program.
In 2002, NPA introduced the task impact assessment (TIA) tool that allows NPA
teams to conduct pre-clearance socio-economic impact assessments. In addition
to mine action, the program also conducts small scale, rural community service,
focused on primary heath care, in areas where demining teams are working.
Accelerated Demining Program (ADP)/Programa Acelerado de Desminagem
(PAD): ADP carries out humanitarian mine clearance in the south of the
country in Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane provinces. In March 2003, ADP reported a
staff of 339 Mozambicans and two
expatriates.[67] Its field
operations are conducted by ten manual demining platoons, two independent
demining sections for smaller clearance tasks, four survey teams and a mine
detection dog team. The Finnish Flail Team provides mechanically assisted mine
clearance capability. ADP also runs a Demining Training School in Moamba near
Maputo, in which deminers from NPA and HALO were
trained.[68]ADP
reported receiving a total of US$2.4 million for activities in 2002 from the
following donors: Germany, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland, Denmark,
Finland, USA, EU, Ireland, Japan, Canada, Austria and
UNDP.[69]
Formerly part of the “Swords to Ploughshares” of UNOMOZ,
involving demobilized soldiers from both sides of the civil war, ADP is now
independent, with limited UN involvement. It will become a Mozambican NGO as
required by the government. According to the UN, in 2003, ADP remained focused
on completing clearance in 14 demining locations, as well as beginning
operations in seven new minefield locations, with a total clearance rate equal
to at least the 2001 total of 1,760,780 square
meters.[70]
ADP's 2002 survey objectives included Level Two Surveys of all minefields
needing them, and completion of Level Three Surveys for all tasks completed in
2001. In 2002, ADP’s survey teams carried out basic survey training for
deminers in the UNDP-supported Guinea-Bissau Mine Action Program. In 2003, ADP
will continue to provide on-site training in
Guinea-Bissau.[71]
ADP’s demining training personnel will deliver refresher training to
all platoons, as well as in house training. ADP is the sole national capacity in
Mozambique for demining
training.[72]
In 2002, ADP cleared 2,939,727 square meters in battlefields, health centers,
schools, outskirts of towns and villages, edges of the roads and agricultural
land. It removed 500 antipersonnel mines, six antitank mines, and 1,190 UXO.
ADP estimates the number of beneficiaries to be “around 250,000
inhabitants.” As a result of ADP demining, “projects to build a new
small town were resumed.”[73]
In the first quarter of 2003, ADP cleared 854,900 square meters, including
150 antipersonnel mines and 50 UXO. Demining is underway in Mafuvuca-Namaacha,
Catuane Sede–Matutuine, Inharrime Ring–Inharrime,
Coculuane–Panda, and in Massagena Sede-Massangena. ADP reported three
accidents related to their demining
activities.[74]
HALO Trust:[75] In
2002, the HALO Trust continued manual and mechanical humanitarian mine clearance
activities in the four northern provinces of Zambézia, Nampula, Niassa
and Cabo Delgado. As of March 2003, HALO employed 450 staff as well as two
supervisory expatriates, working in 14 manual teams, 8 mobile survey/EOD teams
and 4 mechanical teams. The manual teams range in size from 10-20 persons.
HALO has also established a mine detection dog training school in Mozambique.
In 2002, HALO reported clearing 686,257 square meters of land, destroying a
total of 3,666 antipersonnel mines, eight antivehicle mines and 601
UXO.[76] In the first three
months of 2003, HALO reported clearing 129,965 square meters of land, destroying
a total of 5,844 antipersonnel mines, 1,382 antivehicle mines and 606
UXO.[77]
In 2002, HALO’s activities were funded by the UK (in Zambézia),
the Netherlands (in Nampula), Ireland (in Niassa), and Switzerland (in Cabo
Delgado).The Tokyo Broadcasting System, in association with the
“Zero Landmine Campaign of the Association for Aid and Relief”
(Japan), is funding manual operations across all four provinces. The total
reported funding for the period 2002-2003 was approximately
US$3,550,000.[78] At the end of
March 2003, the UK’s support, provided by the Department for International
Development, came to an end after almost ten years of continuous funding. HALO
reports that it has secured funding from Japan and the United States (US
Department of State) to finish off the remaining mined areas within
Zambézia. At the end of 2002, HALO secured funding from the US for a
clearance commencing in mid-2003 of “the extensive Portuguese military
laid minebelts along Mozambique’s northern border with Tanzania in Cabo
Delgado Province.”
According to HALO, all minefields worked on in 2002-2003 were selected
following close consultation with provincial and district authorities as well as
the IND. Yearly provincial planning meetings are held at HALO headquarters in
Nampula to prioritize tasks for the year ahead. As of the start of 2003, HALO
had identified 172 confirmed mined areas in northern Mozambique (Zambézia
66, Nampula 53, Niassa 27 and Cabo Delgado 26).
Empresa Moçambicana de Desminagem, Lda (EMD): In 2001,
EMD was engaged in clearance operations in Zambézia province, notably in
Luchinga and Gurué. EMD told Landmine Monitor that there was
“little demining going on” at that time as they had “just
concluded in September their work along a power line.” EMD works by small
contracts financed privately notably in recent times for Sasol and ABB. Funding
for 2002 was described as “a little
amount.”[79]
Menschen gegen Minen (MgM): In 2002, MgM reported clearing a
total of 232,441 square meters of land in Gaza province, removing a total of 689
antipersonnel mines, 196 antivehicle mines and 44 UXO. For the period from
January 2003 to May 2003, it reported having cleared 93,346 square meters,
removing 374 antipersonnel mines, plus 113 antivehicle mines and 24
UXO.[80] MgM’s clearance
of 40 kilometers of minefield along the Limpopo railway (from Maputo to Zimbabwe
between Monte Alto at Mpelane and Mabalane) continued into 2003. MgM described
the Limpopo railway clearance project as “more complicated than
planned” due to “much more mines laid in the minebelts aside the
Limpopo railroad than expected and the patterns seem to be more and more
chaotic. Official data concerning the type and layout of the minebelts do not
match the reality in many cases... The deminers are working now in the
difficult and extensively overgrown terrain on both sides of the tracks.
Therefore MgM resorted to more heavy machinery to cut the dense vegetation and
for the mechanical process of sifting the mine suspected
soil.”[81]
MgM reported a budget of approximately €800,000 (US$851,064) per year
for 2002 and 2003, provided by Germany and a “small percentage” from
MgM’s own funding.[82]
MgM started mine clearance in Mozambique in 2000, using manual and mechanical
methods with the assistance of explosive detecting dogs. Its current mine
action capacity includes 70 staff (43 deminers) and four mine detection dogs.
MgM uses a modified and armored big Caterpillar excavator with two tools: a
vegetation-cutting device and a large version of a ROTAR mine sifting
drum.[83]
Handicap International
(HI):[84] HI conducts
demining in Inhambane province using manual clearance and explosive detection
dogs. In 2002, it reported clearing 252,636 square meters of land, destroying
59 antipersonnel mines, one antivehicle mine, and 74 UXO. From January to April
2003, HI reported clearing 52,765 square meters of land, destroying 15
antipersonnel mines, one antivehicle mine and nine UXO. HI maintains
“small mobile teams and works for the communities outside of the big
projects (clearing schools, medical posts, maternity, catholic missions,
etc).”
Due to budget constraints, HI had to reduce its staff from 110 in 2002 to 60
as of March 2003. In December 2002, the four original manual teams were reduced
to two manual teams, as well as one technical survey and one EOD team; its
“megateam” of 24 deminers was disbanded. In May 2003, HI had 21
deminers working in Pande, Quissico (alongside ADP), Mavila and Covane bridge.
Its EOD teams concentrate on reducing small suspected mined areas, notably in
Massinga and Funhalouro Sede. HI also deploys a Community Liaison Team to
ensure that the sites cleared are effectively put to use and that the
communities understand demining work. Handicap International reported a total
demining program cost of US$1,183,837 (of which $962,469 is the direct cost) in
2002; the main donors to HI’s program were Australia (Austcare), Canada,
France, Japan, Norway, and the Canadian Auto Workers. As of 31 March 2003, the
two remaining donors were Japan and
Norway.[85]
RONCO:RONCO has 12 mine detection dogs and handlers
conducting demining operations on one of the Mozambican government's top
demining priorities, the Sena Railway. The railway is located in
central/northern Mozambique and links Malawi, Zambia and Mozambique's
mineral-rich heartland with its international port of Beira. The line was
closed in 1983 at the height of the civil war. RONCO began work on the railway
in 2000.[86] RONCO is funded by
the US government, and has received $2.5 million for its work on the Sena
Line.[87]
According to RONCO spokesman Nino Carvalho, it removed 60 landmines from the
Sena railway from 2000 to 2002 that had not been detected in earlier mine
clearance work, begun in 1996 by a Zimbabwean company. After concluding
verification along the 462-kilometre line to confirm it free of mines in
November 2002, RONCO has been assisting CFM (Mozambique Railways) teams in
clearing working areas and access paths. Carvalho praised the cooperation RONCO
had received from local communities, and from demobilized fighters both of the
government army and Renamo, in identifying mined
areas.[88] RONCO also
supervises Mozambique’s Quick Reaction Demining Force, described
below.[89]
JV Desminagem: In 2002, JV Desminagem, a commercial operator, carried
out technical surveys in four minefields in Gaza province, in the districts of
Mabalane and Chicualacuala. In the first three months of 2003, it demined
along the edges of 24 kilometers of national road number 2, clearing a total of
55 hectares, removing ten mines and four UXO. It received US$139,500 in funding
from the IND.[90]
Afrovita: Afrovita is a small commercial mine clearance company that
is locally based, but managed by expatriates. A member of IND told Landmine
Monitor that Afrovita still existed, but was not operating “due to
problems of different
natures.”[91]
Mozambique Mine Action (MMA): In 2002, MMA cleared 53,920 square
meters in Nhassacara (Manica province) and Vilankulos (Inhambane province). MMA
also reported having finished two mine clearance projects in Maputo: one
industrial zone for Sasol and one residential area in the popular tourist resort
of Ponta de Ouro, the southernmost point of the country bordering South Africa.
MMA is based in Chimoio (Manica) and uses combined mine clearance methods
(manual, mechanical and dogs). Its works is funded through “commercial
contracts such as Sasol in Inhambane or by public contest (competition)
contracts for IND or for, instance, a contract they had just finished for the
German Cooperation GTZ in Manica
Province.”[92]
Other agencies that also are or have been engaged in mine action in
Mozambique include ArmorGroup, Minetech, Desminagem de Sofala (Dessof), Special
Clearance Service (SCS), Carlos Gassmann Tecnologias de Vanguarda Aplicadas Lda
(CGTVA), Lince Lda and Necochaminas.
Recognizing that Mozambique needs a long term demining capacity, the United
States has been providing training and equipment to the 1st Battalion of the
Mozambican infantry. Mozambican and Angolan officials and soldiers received a
training course in the Spanish International Center for Demining from 23
February to 22 March 2002, in a joint cooperation project involving Spain,
Portugal and Russia. It is expected that other similar courses will be provided
in 2003.[93]
Because of the competence of Mozambican mine clearance operators, the United
States selected Mozambique in August 2001 as the operations base for the Quick
Reaction Demining Force (QRDF). The QRDF is capable of deploying anywhere in
the world within 10 days of tasking from the US Department of
State.[94] RONCO is contracted
by the US to supervise the QRDF deminers. In May 2003, a RONCO employee
reported that since February 2003, 117 QRDF deminers have been engaged in
demining operations in Afghanistan (16 deminers), Iraq (53 deminers), Sri Lanka
(24 deminers) and Sudan (24
deminers).[95] When not
deployed outside Mozambique, QRDF teams conduct demining operations in
Mozambique through taskings from the IND.
In September 2002, the IND Director stated, “Currently our country
contributes with specialized staff in removal and destruction operations of
mines in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Guinea Bissau, Sri Lanka, Croatia, and is also
preparing teams to participate in identical activities in Lebanon... Mozambique
is also contributing with the training of technicians from Angola and Guinea
Bissau...and remains available to assist other
countries.”[96]
Mozambican demining trainers from ADP also participate in a UNDP-funded Mine
Action Exchange (MAX) project. The MAX program seeks to maximize regional
competence in humanitarian technical demining standards within the
Portuguese-speaking countries. In June 2002, the US Department of State’s
Office of Humanitarian Demining funded the “Mine Action Managers Middle
Management Training” program in Mozambique. Some 35 African middle-level
mine action mangers have been trained since the program started in June
2001.[97]
IND also reports that it managed six external Quality Assurance contracts as
part of the overall IND Quality Control function on donor-funded projects in the
districts of Caia, Marrarcuene, Nyathulhu and the Mozal Smelter. This was in
addition to the internal QA conducted by the operators as part of their own
internal standards operations procedures.” IND reports preliminary
activities in the three southern provinces (Maputo, Gaza and
Inhambane).[98]
Mine Risk Education
The National Mine Action Plan recognized a need
“for an aggressive and sustained Mine Risk Education and Marking campaigns
to be re-launched” based on the Mine Risk Education Program (PEPAM) that
had been developed by Handicap International in cooperation with the government
between 1995-2001.[99]
In its Article 7 Report, Mozambique stated that from January 2002 to March
2003, some 3,379 mine awareness lectures had been delivered throughout the
country, which reached 202,334 persons; 743 mine committees had been established
and 100 MRE facilitators were
trained.[100]
In April 2003, IND reported that it delivered MRE to 170,000 persons in 2002
in the southern region using flood assistance funding provided by the European
Commission. IND said it had reestablished the links with the provincial and
national MRE partners and has distributed MRE materials to a small area in Gaza
and Maputo provinces.[101] IND
acknowledges that there were limited MRE activities in the three southern
provinces and “no activities” in all other
provinces.[102] Landmine
Monitor field research did not encounter any MRE signs or MRE activity in the
three southern provinces (Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane), with the exception of a
few “danger mines”
signs.[103]
The Mozambican Red Cross (Cruz Vermelha Moçambicana, CVM) is a
cooperating partner in the Mine Risk Education program. Handicap International
provides training and materials in 2002, while CVM workers and community
volunteers implement the program, carrying out MRE activities in 56
districts.[104] The CVM also
assists in identifying the people with disabilities in rural areas. An average
of eight administrative workers collect casualty information in each district,
and two IND employees are in charge of incorporating the data.[105]HI supported data
collection until 2001 and IND has not taken over the MREprogram, as had
previously been expected. IND is now looking for other sources of funding.
According to HI, the quality of the data collection seems to have deteriorated
seriously.[106]
Landmine Casualties
In 2002, the IND reported 47 mine casualties in
eight of the country’s ten mine-affected
provinces.[107] Details on
whether the casualties were killed or injured were not provided. In 2001, 60
mine incidents were reported resulting in 80 new
casualties.[108] In September
2002, the IND Director reported that due to the continued MRE and mine clearance
work, there had been a “significant reduction” in mine incidents in
2002.[109] However, NGOs
working in Mozambique have, in the past, questioned whether data collection on
mine casualties is comprehensive and truly reflects the reality on the
ground.[110] In April 2002, the
IND Director was quoted as saying that people were still being injured every day
by landmines.[111]
Nine of the 47 casualties in 2002 were
deminers.[112] Landmine Monitor
was able to obtain details on most of the demining accidents in 2002. An HI
deminer was injured in Inhambane province and an EMD deminer was injured in
Manica province.[113] ADP
reported three mine
accidents.[114] HALO Trust
reported one mine accident in which the deminer suffered minor injuries and is
now working again.[115] MgM
reported one accident in which a deminer lost his leg on 1 November 2002 when he
stepped on an antipersonnel mine during a clearance
operation.[116] EMD reported an
accident in Mabuzi, involving an EOD specialist who lost one eye and his
hearing.[117]
In May 2002, a Mozambican peacekeeper serving with the United Nations force
in southern Lebanon (UNIFIL) lost both his hands and injured his legs in an
accident during mine clearance operations to clear Israeli mines. According to
the Lebanese Police, he was the third Mozambican peacekeeper to be injured
during clearance operations that
month.[118]
In May 2003, the IND director said that three or four mine incidents had
occurred in 2003, but no one had been killed in the
incidents.[119] However, in a
radio interview on 11 April, the Foreign and Cooperation Minister reported that
a soldier had been killed in a mine incident the day
before.[120]
The Mozambique Landmine Impact Survey, completed in May 2001, identified
2,145 landmine casualties. However, the report acknowledged that this figure is
probably understated as 31 communities reported “many” casualties,
but did not estimate an actual
number.[121]
Survivor Assistance
The health infrastructure in Mozambique was
severely damaged during almost thirty years of armed conflict, and the floods of
2000, and is dependent on international
funding.[122] In Mozambique,
responsibility for assistance to landmine survivors is shared between the
Ministry of Health (MINSAU) and the Ministry for Women and the Coordination of
Social Action (MMCAS). The IND Five Year National Mine Action Plan (2002-2006)
affirms its coordinating role in mine victim
assistance.[123]
Mozambique’s 2003 Article 7 Report, states that from January 2002 to March
2003, 163 mine survivors were assisted, through the provision of medical aid and
drugs, as well as mobility
devices;[124] 133 were assisted
in 2002.[125]
There is reportedly a lack of immediate first aid treatment and no mechanism
to arrange treatment or transport to the nearest health facility. The lack of
available transport makes facilities for continuing care and rehabilitation
inaccessible for many landmine survivors. Orthopedic centers are reportedly not
being used to their full capacity because of the difficulties of access
encountered by people from rural
areas.[126]
Cooperation Canada Mozambique’s four-year program in the provinces of
Inhambane and Nampula ended in March 2002. The program provided transport to
the orthopedic and rehabilitation centers, and assisted about 100 mine survivors
over the four years.[127]
Mozambique has a national rehabilitation policy for persons with
disabilities. There are eleven orthopedic workshops. Ten workshops are run by
the Ministry of Health and one by the Mozambique Red Cross Society. In
addition, there are rehabilitation centers and physiotherapy centers, some of
which are managed by the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Section of the
Ministry of Health.[128]
The Mozambique Red Cross Society (CVM) operates the Jaipur Orthopedic Center
(COJ) in Gaza province. The COJ is the first rehabilitation center to be wholly
run by a Mozambican NGO, and is located in a rural district to facilitate and
improve access to rural communities. The center provides mobility devices,
vocational training, disability awareness and social support
programs.[129] The Jaipur Limb
Campaign supported the COJ until November 2002. CVM continues the program with
support from other Red Cross Societies. Since the center opened in February
2000, more than 531 people have benefited from the
program;[130] about 80 percent
were landmine survivors.[131]
The CVM, with financial assistance from the Canadian Red Cross, also implements
survivor assistance programs in the provinces of Gaza, Inhambane, Manica,
Zambezia and Tete. The program facilitates transport to the orthopedic centers
and supports the socio-economic reintegration of mine survivors into their
communities.[132]
In 2002, Handicap International’sactivities in physical
medicine and rehabilitation focused on supporting the quality of national
services, including improving the skills of staff in the rehabilitation sector.
HI also works with the MMCAS and the Forum of Mozambican Associations of
Disabled Persons (FAMOD) to improve access to physical medicine and
rehabilitation services, and to promote the rights of all persons with
disabilities.[133]
POWER, a UK-based NGO, supported the Ministry of Health prosthetic and
orthotic services until the end of May 2002. According to POWER, Mozambique
suffers from a low productivity rate among prosthetic technicians that is well
below international standards and there is a need to develop new policies to
address the problem.[134] POWER
is supporting two Mozambican technicians to undertake university degrees in
prosthetics and orthotics in the United Kingdom and they will soon return to
take up positions within the health service. POWER is also involved in a number
of vocational training initiatives in metal work, leatherwork and carpentry, to
provide specialized skills for people with
disabilities.[135]
The Landmine Survivors Network (LSN) continues to engage community-based
outreach workers, who are also amputees, to work with individual survivors to
assess their needs, offering psychological and social support, and educating
families about the effects of limb loss. LSN assists survivors in accessing
services that provide mobility devices, rehabilitation, health-care, or
vocational training. In 2002, LSN made more than 1,679 home visits, assisted
about 193 mine survivors and facilitated the start of 27 small
businesses.[136]
One of the major problems for mine survivors is the lack of opportunities for
socio-economic reintegration. Even after receiving physical rehabilitation and
prostheses many survivors cannot find employment to support themselves or their
families.[137] The government
acknowledges that financial constraints are limiting the availability of
programs to assist mine survivors and that more facilities are needed to provide
for their socio-economic
reintegration.[138]
The World Rehabilitation Fund (WRF), in partnership with UNDP, is developing
a number of projects, which include supporting POWER and the Association of the
Mozambican Disabled (ADEMO) with two vocational training
programs.[139]
ADEMO is also involved in a number of other mine survivor assistance
projects. One project provides donkeys to mine survivors, while another project
breeds ducks and goats. A computer-training project supported by the Irish
Embassy faltered after the computers were
stolen.[140]
Disability Policy and Practice
Mozambique has legislation to support the rights of
persons with disabilities.[141]
However, the legislation reportedly has not been implemented and there is a huge
gap between the intent and the reality of the problems faced by the disabled in
their daily lives.[142]
There are several Mozambican disability organizations working on advocacy and
two in particular, ADEMO and ADEMIMO (Mozambican Association of Military
Disabled) work to support the rights of landmine survivors. Two mine survivors
from these organizations participated in the “Raising the Voices”
initiative in Geneva in September
2002.[143] Following a
meeting with the then-director of the IND it was agreed that ADEMO and ADEMIMO
would cooperate to draft a survivor assistance policy in the future; however,
neither ADEMO nor ADEMIMO have been invited to participate in subsequent IND
meetings on survivor
assistance.[144] In
April 2002, POWER started a new four-year program of capacity building of
Mozambican disability organizations, with funding of US$1.3 million provided by
the European Commission, and is working closely with the
ADEMO.[145]
[1] Interview with Gamiliel Munguambe,
Director, National Demining Institute, Geneva, 5 February
2003. [2] A resolution approved by the
Council of Ministers formally recognized the Mine Ban Treaty on 10 June 1999:
Decree 37/99, as published in Boletim da Republica, No. 29, 10 June 1999;
Article 7 Report, Form A, covering the period from 1 January 2002 to 1 March
2003. [3] Article 7 Report, for the
period 1 January 2002-1 March 2003 (Hereafter, Article 7 Report,
2003). [4] See Article 7 Report, 2 July
2002 (for calendar year 2001); Article 7 Report, 30 October 2001 (for the period
from 1 September 1999-31 December 2000); Article 7 Report, 30 March 2001 (for
the period from 1 March 1999-August
2000). [5] Interview with David Chaboka,
First Secretary, Embassy of Mozambique to Ethiopia and the African Union, Addis
Ababa, 10 December 2002. [6] Article 7
Report, Form E, 30 March 2000. [7] For
details, see Landmine Monitor Report 1999, p.
45. [8] Article 7 Report, Form B, 2003.
See also, “Mozambique army says it has destroyed stockpile of land
mines,” Associated Press (Maputo), 1 March 2003. Details on the types and
countries of origin of the mine stockpile were provided in Mozambique’s
initial Article 7 report, submitted in March
2000. [9] In Moamba, 2,000 mines were
destroyed on 19 March 2002, 6,000 mines on 22 August 2002, and 2,700 mines on 28
February 2003; in Sofala, 13,818 mines were destroyed on 30 October 2002; in
Nampula, 10,812 mines were destroyed on 25 February 2003; and in Chokwe, 1,988
mines were destroyed on 20 February 2003, as reported in Article 7 Report, Forms
B and G, for the period 1 January 2002-1 March 2003. Landmine Monitor notes
that these totals do not include 500 mines destroyed in September 2001 at
Moamba, as reported in the 2002 Article 7 report.
[10] “Army Hopes to Destroy
Stockpiles By Next Year,” IRIN/AllAfrica Global Media, Maputo, 26 April
2002. [11] Landmine Monitor notes that
it is unclear where these mines originated. All previous Article 7 reports
cited a stockpile of 37,818 with no mines retained, and this is the total
reported as destroyed in 2003. The mines are held by the Armed Forces (900),
HALO Trust (216), ADP (172), MgM (121), and RONCO (18), as reported in Article 7
Report, Form D, 2003. [12]
“Destruição de 7 milhões de minas em Angola
levará muito tempo” (Destruction of 7 million in Angola will take a
long time), LUSA (Portuguese International News Agency), 23 September
2002. [13] Canadian International
Demining Corps and Paul F. Wilkinson & Associates Inc, “Landmine
Impact Survey,” August 2001. The survey was carried out by the Canadian
International Demining Corps, with quality assurance provided by the Survey
Action Center and the UN Mine Action Service. See also Landmine Monitor 2001,
pp. 109-112. [14] Article 7 Report, Form
C, 2003. [15] Article 7 Report,
2003. [16] National Demining Institute,
“Mine Action Activities in Mozambique, 2002,” Summary Report,
Maputo, April 2003. [17] National
Demining Institute, “Mine Action in Mozambique 2002,” April
2003. [18] Response to Landmine Monitor
questionnaire by Cameron Imber, Mozambique Program Manager, HALO Trust, 9 May
2003. [19] Interview with Adérito
Ismael, Chief of Project, HI France, Inhambane, Mozambique, 2 June
2003. [20] National Demining Institute,
“Mine Action in Mozambique 2002,” April
2003. [21] “Governo de
Moçambique admite que existam ainda 1.400 zonas minadas”
(Mozambique’s Government admits that 1,400 mined zones may still exist),
LUSA (Brazilian section), Maputo, 15 April
2003. [22] “Malawians encroach on
Mozambican land,” Agência de Informação de
Moçambique (Mozambican Information Agency), Maputo, 8 October
2002. [23] Interview with Zambian
government delegates, intersessional Standing Committee meetings, Geneva,
January 2002. [24] Email from Col.
Munongwa, Director of Zimbabwe Mine Action Center, 8 July
2003. [25] National Demining Institute,
“Mine Action in Mozambique 2002,” April
2003. [26] UN Mine Action Investments
database; see also individual Landmine Monitor country
reports. [27] Landmine Monitor Report
2001, pp. 112-113. [28] National
Demining Institute, “Mine Action in Mozambique 2002,” April
2003. [29] Email from Josephine Hutton,
Coordinator, Australian Agency for International Coordination, 30 April
2003. [30] UN Mine Action Investments
database; see also Austria report. [31]
UN Mine Action Investments
database. [32] See Denmark
report. [33] Email to ICBL (Sylvie
Brigot) from Catherine Horeftari, European Commission, 23 May
2003. [34] Emails from Olli Sotamaa,
Unit for Humanitarian Assistance, Development Cooperation Department, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, 21 January, 28 February, 19 March 2003; letter from Olli
Sotmaa, 18 December 2002. [35] Interview
with Ambassador Chesnel, Geneva, 13 May 2003; email from Christine Lefort, HI,
15 April 2003. [36] UN Mine Action
Investments database. [37] Ibid; see
Germany report. [38] See Italy
report. [39] See Netherlands
report. [40] See New Zealand
report. [41] Email from Janecke Wille,
Norwegian People’s Aid, 16 April
2003. [42] See Sweden
report. [43] UN Mine Action Investments
database. [44] US Department of State,
“To Walk the Earth in Safety,” September
2002. [45] “Governo de
Moçambique admite que existam ainda 1.400 zonas minadas,”
(Mozambique’s Government admits that 1,400 mined zones may still exist),
LUSA, 15 April 2003. [46] Luísa
Ribeiro, “Moçambique: Instituto de Desminagem precisa de apoio para
desminar 562.000 Km2,” (Mozambique needs support to demine 562,000 square
kilometers), LUSA (Maputo), 22 July
2002. [47] IND, “Landmines in
Mozambique,” Leaflet, March
2002. [48] UN Mine Action Service E-Mine
Website, available at:
http://www.mineaction.org/index.cfm. [49]
Interview with Renato Raimundo, President, Clube de Jovens da Huíla
(Angola), Maputo, 3 June 2003. [50]
National Demining Institute, “The Five Year National Mine Action Plan
2002-2006,” 19 November 2001. [51]
Ibid. [52] Statement by Gamiliel
Mumguambe, Director, IND, to the Standing Committee on the General Status and
Operation of the Convention, 3 February
2003. [53]
Ibid. [54]
Ibid. [55] UN Mine Action Service E-Mine
Website. [56] Luísa Ribeiro,
“Moçambique: Instituto de Desminagem precisa de apoio para desminar
562.000 Km2” (Mozambique: National Demining Institute needs support to
demine 562.000 sq km,” LUSA (Maputo), 22 July
2002. [57] Interview with Adérito
Ismael, Chief of Project, HI, Inhambane, 2 June
2003. [58] “Moçambique: ONG
vai desenvolver processo mecânico para desminar território”
(Mozambique: NGO will develop a mechanical process to demine territory), LUSA
(Maputo), 3 January 2003. [59] National
Demining Institute, “Mine Action in Mozambique 2002,” April
2003. [60] Landmine Monitor Report 2002,
pp. 355-356. [61] Statement by Gamiliel
Mumguambe, IND, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, 5 February
2003. [62] National Demining Institute,
“Mine Action in Mozambique 2002,” April
2003. [63] Ibid. Clearance data in
parentheses were provided directly to Landmine Monitor by the mine action
organization. [64] National Demining
Institute, “Mine Action in Mozambique 2002,” April
2003. [65] UNDP/GICHD, “A Study of
Socio-Economic Approaches to Mine Action,” March 2001, p.
154. [66] Norwegian People's Aid
Mozambique, “Mine Action Program,” March 2003; NPA, “Third
Quarterly Report 2002: July-September 2002;” NPA, “First Quarterly
Report 2003: January - March 2003;” NPA, “Annual Report
2002.” [67] Response to Landmine
Monitor questionnaire by F. Chongo, ADP/PAD Mozambique, 9 May
2003. [68] Dr. Hildegard Scheu, Pilot
Study on Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation of Humanitarian Mine Action in
Mozambique, UNIDIR, 2002, pp.
54-55. [69] Response to Landmine Monitor
questionnaire by ADP/PAD Mozambique, 9 May
2003. [70] UN Mine Action Service E-Mine
Website. [71] UNDP, “UN support to
the Guinea Bissau National Humanitarian Mine Action Program,” Bissau, 1
May 2003. [72] UN Mine Action Service
E-Mine Website. [73] Response to
Landmine Monitor questionnaire by ADP/PAD Mozambique, 9 May 2003; telephone
interview with F. Chongo, ADP/PAD, 27 May
2003. [74]
Ibid. [75] Unless otherwise noted, all
information in this section was provided in response to Landmine Monitor
questionnaire by Cameron Imber, Mozambique Program Manager, HALO Trust, 9 May
2003. [76] This included: 129,785 square
meters of land and 125 antipersonnel mines in Zambézia; 170,705 square
meters of land and 19 antipersonnel in Nampula; 122,629 square meters of land
and 52 antipersonnel mines in Niassa; and 263,138 square meters of land and
3,470 antipersonnel mines in Cabo
Delgado. [77] The 2003 figures include
February 2003 stockpile destruction in response to a request from the Armed
Forces of Mozambique. [78] Email from
Tim Porter, Southern Africa Desk Officer, HALO Trust, 21 May
2003. [79] Telephone interview with Nico
Bosman, EMD, Maputo, 27 May 2003. [80]
Interview with Hans Georg Kruessen, Chairman, MgM, Maputo, 27 May 2003; Email
from Hans Georg Kruessen, MgM, 9 June
2003. [81]
Ibid. [82]
Ibid. [83] MgM website,
www.mgm.org. [84]
Information in this section comes from interview with Adérito Ismael,
Chief of Project, HI, Inhambane, 2 June
2003. [85] Financial charts provided by
Manuel Gonzal, Demining Technical Coordinator, HI, 19 May
2003. [86] RONCO website,
www.roncoconsulting.com. [87]
“American Ambassador Visits Sena Line,” Agência de
Informação de Moçambique, 8 February
2003. [88] “Rehabilitation of Sena
Line,” Agência de Informação de Moçambique, 8
February 2003. [89] “117
moçambicanos envolvidos em desminagem em vários
países” (117 Mozambican involved in demining in several countries),
LUSA (Maputo), 22 May 2003. [90] Email
from JV Consultants (no name provided), JV Demining, 8 May
2003. [91] Email from Surengue Assane,
IND, 11 June 2003. [92] Interview with
Pascoal Isaías, Mozambique Mine Action, Maputo, 27 May
2003. [93] See Spain
report. [94] Email to Landmine Monitor
(HRW) from Thomas Seal, Deputy Director, PM/HDP, US Department of State, 1
August 2003. [95] “117
moçambicanos envolvidos em desminagem em vários
países,” LUSA, 22 May
2003. [96] Statement by Artur
Veríssimo, Director, IND, Fourth Meeting of the States Parties, Geneva,
16 September 2002. [97] US Department of
State, Media Note, “Lusophone African Humanitarian Deminers Management
Training Course,” 11 June
2002. [98] National Demining Institute,
“Mine Action in Mozambique 2002,” April
2003. [99] UNIDIR, "Participatory
Monitoring of Humanitarian Mine Action: Giving Voice to Citizens of Nicaragua,
Mozambique and Cambodia,” 2003, p. 46; see also Dr. Hildegard Scheu,
“Pilot Study on Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation of Humanitarian
Mine Action in Mozambique,” UNIDIR, 2002. PEPAM (Program of Education to
Prevent Accidents with Mines) is the lusophone equivalent of Mine Risk
Education. [100] Article 7 Report, Form
I, 2003. [101] National Demining
Institute, “Mine Action in Mozambique 2002,” April
2003. [102]
Ibid. [103] Field Research by Landmine
Monitor, 28 May-3 June 2003. [104] Dr.
Hildegard Scheu, “Pilot Study on Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
of Humanitarian Mine Action in Mozambique,” 2002, p.
62. [105] World Rehabilitation Fund,
“Mozambique Country Visit - Final Version,” November 2001, p.
9. [106] Rioufoul Emmanuelle, HI
Director Assistant, “Questionnaire Form on Landmine Victim
Assistance,” Lyon, August 2002.
[107] Interview with Gamiliel
Mumguambe, Director, IND, Geneva, 14 May 2003.
[108] A breakdown of the number of
casualties killed or injured was not reported. See Landmine Monitor Report
2002, pp. 358-359. [109] Statement by
Artur Veríssimo, IND, Fourth Meeting of States Parties, 16 September
2002. [110] Landmine Monitor Report
2002, p. 359. [111] “Army Hopes to
Destroy Stockpiles By Next Year,” IRIN/All Africa Global Media, 26 April
2002. [112] National Demining Institute,
“Mine Action in Mozambique 2002,” April
2003. [113] IMSMA database, Victim
Statistics, National Demining Institute, 8 July
2002. [114] Response to Landmine Monitor
questionnaire by ADP/PAD Mozambique, 9 May
2003. [115] Response to Landmine Monitor
questionnaire by HALO, 9 May 2003. [116]
Interview with Hans Georg Kruessen, Chairman, MgM - Menschen gegen Minen,
Maputo, 27 May 2003; and email from Hans Georg Kruessen, 9 June
2003. [117] Telephone interview with
Nico Bosman, EMD representative, Maputo, 27 May
2003. [118] “Mozambican
peacekeeper loses hands in Lebanon mine-clearing accident,” Agence France
Presse, Lebanon, 20 May 2002. [119]
Interview with Gamiliel Mumguambe, IND, 14 May
2003. [120] “Minister says land
mine situation in the country ‘serious’,” Radio Mozambique, 11
April 2003. [121] Landmine Monitor
Report 2001, pp. 118-119; see also Mozambique Landmine Impact Survey, accessed
at
http://www.sac-na.org/surveys_mozambique_executive_summary.html
(17 July 2002). [122] Landmine Monitor
Report 2002, p. 359. [123] National
Demining Institute, “The Five Year National Mine Action Plan
2002-2006,” 19 November 2001, p. 21; see also Landmine Monitor Report
2002, p. 361. [124] Article 7 Report
2003, Form J. [125] National Demining
Institute, “Mine Action in Mozambique 2002,” April
2003. [126] World Rehabilitation Fund,
“Mozambique Country Visit - Final Version”, World Rehabilitation
Fund supported by the UNDP, November 2001, p.
5. [127] Handicap International,
“Landmine Victim Assistance World Report 2002,” Lyon, December 2002,
p. 115. [128] For more details see
Landmine Survivors Rehabilitation Database, available at
www.lsndatabase.org; HI,
“Landmine Victim Assistance World Report 2002,” p.
113. [129] See Landmine Monitor Report
2002, p. 360. [130] Jaipur Limb,
“5 Year Strategic Plan for COJ,” Campaign News, Issue 9, December
2002, p. 7. [131] See Landmine Monitor
Report 2002, p. 360. [132] Email from
Karen Mollica, Program Coordinator, Africa and the Middle East, Department of
Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Ottawa, 8 July
2003. [133] Handicap International,
“Review of Activities 2001-2002,” pp.
18-19. [134] Interview with Eileen
O’Dwyer, Country Director, POWER Mozambique, Maputo, 28 May
2003. [135] Email from Sarah Hodge,
Chief Executive, POWER, 6 May
2003. [136] Email from Anne Hayes,
Country Program Manager, Landmine Survivors Network, 8 May
2003. [137] Interviews with Luis
Wamusse, ADEMO, and Domingos Cambalane. ADEMIMO, participants in the Raising the
Voices initiative, at the Fourth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 16-20
September 2002. [138] Article 7 Report
2003, Form J. [139] For more details see
Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p.
360. [140] Interview with Luis Wamusse,
ADEMO, Maputo, 26 May 2003. [141] See
Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p. 361.
[142] Jaipur Limb, “Soikat Ghose
and Hargovind Pachauri with COJ in Mozambique,” Campaign News, Issue 9,
December 2002, p. 7. [143] Interview
with Luis Wamusse, ADEMO, and Domingos Cambalane, ADEMIMO, at the Fourth Meeting
of States Parties, Geneva, 20 September
2002. [144] Interview with Luis Wamusse,
ADEMO, Maputo, 26 May 2003. [145]
Interview with Eileen O’Dwyer, Country Director, POWER Mozambique, Maputo,
28 May 2003.
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