Key developments since May 2003: Pakistan reported in November 2003
that it had cleared about 99 percent of the mines it laid in December 2001 and
early 2002 on its border with India. The government is paying compensation to
mine survivors and the families of those killed by landmines as a result of the
conflict. Pakistan also reported that it was assisting with demining operations
in Lebanon, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Pakistani armed
forces seized antipersonnel mines and other weapons in Baluchistan Province and
the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. The government claims the weapons were
being smuggled by non-state actors from Afghanistan into Pakistan. There were
some instances of antivehiclelandmines and improvised explosive devices
being used in tribal conflicts and against government law enforcement agencies,
most notably in Baluchistan. In 2003, the Community Motivation &
Development Organization provided mine risk education to 38,734 people in Kurram
Agency. Landmine incidents continued to occur in 2003 and 2004 in all four
provinces of Pakistan. In 2003, there were at least 138 new landmine/UXO
casualties.
Key developments since 1999: During the escalation of tensions with
India that began in December 2001, Pakistani forces engaged in a massive
mine-laying operation, which continued until mid-2002. Reports of civilian
casualties in Pakistan following the mine-laying call into question the
effectiveness of the measures taken to protect civilians. Pakistan stated in
November 2003 that it had cleared 99 percent of the mines it laid in the
operation. Pakistan-backed militants, and allegedly Pakistan Army troops, made
extensive use of antipersonnel mines in the conflict in the Kargil area of
Kashmir in mid-1999. There were allegations of Pakistani-manufactured mines
being supplied to the militants. There were reports of attempts by state-owned
Pakistan Ordnance Factories to sell antipersonnel mines to British journalists
posing as representatives of private companies in both November 1999 and April
2002. Pakistan’s 1997 moratorium on export of antipersonnel mines became
a legally binding ban in February 1999.Pakistan ratified CCW Amended
Protocol II on 9 March 1999, exercising the nine-year deferral period. Pakistan
is modifying its stockpile of low-metal content mines to make them detectable.
Pakistan is producing both new detectable hand-emplaced antipersonnel mines and
new remotely-delivered mines.
From August to December 2000, the Community Motivation & Development
Organization carried out the first assessment mission in the Federally
Administered Tribal Areas and collected data on landmine casualties in the
Bajaur Agency. It launched the first mine awareness program in August 2000. By
the end of 2003, it had provided mine risk education to 97,664 people. Handicap
International provided mine risk education in Afghan refugee camps in
Baluchistan Province from October 2001 to January 2003, and the Italian NGO
Intersos from January 2001 to June 2002. Several NGOs have implemented programs
to assist mine survivors and other persons with disabilities. Landmine
incidents in border areas with India and Afghanistan continue to be reported.
From 2000 to 2003, Landmine Monitor has reported at least 428 new landmine/UXO
casualties.
Mine Ban Policy
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan has not acceded to the Mine Ban Treaty.
There has been little change in government policy regarding a ban in the past
five years. Pakistan has repeatedly stated that the use of landmines is part of
its self-defense strategy and it opposes a ban until viable alternatives are
developed.[1] At the same time,
Pakistan recognizes the negative human and socio-economic impact of landmines,
and has consistently expressed its support for the goal of the eventual
elimination of antipersonnel
landmines.[2] As recently as
November 2003, Pakistan spoke of “achieving our ultimate goal to clean the
earth from the scourge of landmines of all
kinds.”[3] During a
United Nations Security Council discussion in late 2003 on the importance of
mine action for peacekeeping operations, Pakistan said that “we need to
include mine-laying prevention and mine clearance as essential objectives in
conflict situations.... Prevention in this case, as usual, is better than the
cure, and it could be an objective that we could pursue in the context of the
peacekeeping
operations....”[4]
Pakistan attended the Ottawa Process meetings and the treaty negotiations in
1997, but only as an observer. Pakistan has abstained from voting on every
pro-ban UN General Assembly resolution since 1996, including UNGA Resolution
58/53 on 8 December 2003. Pakistan has not attended any of the annual meetings
of the State Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty and has rarely taken part in the
intersessional work program.[5]
It did not attend the Standing Committee meetings in February and June 2004.
Pakistan ratified Amended Protocol II of the Convention on Conventional
Weapons (CCW) on 9 March 1999 and indicated it would exercise the option to
defer implementation of key provisions for a nine-year period. Pakistan
participated in the Fifth Annual Conference of States Parties to Amended
Protocol II in November 2003 and submitted its annual report required by Article
13. Pakistan believes that Protocol II “strikes the right balance between
the legitimate security concerns of the States Parties and humanitarian
considerations....”[6]
Sustainable Peace & Development Organization (SPADO), a member of the
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), launched the Landmine Monitor
Report 2003 in Peshawar on 9 September 2003. At the release, the Deputy
High Commissioner of Canada called upon non-signatory countries to accede to the
Mine Ban Treaty. The release was reported in nearly all the leading newspapers
of Pakistan. Other campaign initiatives included the seminar “Towards a
Landmine Free World” held on 1 March 2004 on the occasion of the fifth
anniversary of the entry into force of the Mine Ban Treaty, with participation
by representatives of media, politics, and academia, as well as schoolchildren
and mine survivors. SPADO is a member of the Pakistan Campaign to Ban
Landmines, which was founded on 1 September 1997.
Production
Pakistan is a producer of antipersonnel mines. State-owned Pakistan Ordnance
Factories (POF), founded in 1951, in the past produced six types of
antipersonnel mines – two minimum-metal blast mines (P2Mk2 and P4Mk2), two
bounding fragmentation mines (P3Mk2 and P7Mk1), and two directional
fragmentation (Claymore-type) mines (P5Mk1 and P5Mk2). After 1 January 1997,
POF began production of new, detectable versions of the hand-emplaced blast
mines and of new remotely-delivered antipersonnel mines with self-destruct and
self-deactivating mechanisms.[7]
Pakistan has reported that all of the technical requirements of CCW Amended
Protocol II “have been accordingly included at the development, production
and the user level.”[8]
The private sector is not allowed to participate either in manufacturing or
trade of landmines.[9]
Transfer
Pakistan declared a complete moratorium on export of antipersonnel mines in
1997, but has stated that in practice it has not exported “since early
1992.”[10] The moratorium
became a legally binding ban through Statutory Regulatory Order No. 123 (1) of
25 February 1999, and “its effective implementation is being ensured
through well laid down ‘Export Control
Procedures.’”[11]
In the past Pakistan was a major exporter. Pakistani mines are found in
Afghanistan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, and other locations. There
were allegations of Pakistani-manufactured mines being supplied to armed groups
fighting in the Kargil region of India-administered Kashmir in
1999.[12] The Joint Staff
Headquarters strongly denied this
allegation.[13] There were also
reports of attempts by POF to sell antipersonnel mines to British journalists
posing as representatives of private companies in both November 1999 and April
2002.[14]
During the current Landmine Monitor reporting period, Pakistani armed forces
seized antipersonnel mines and other weapons in Baluchistan Province and the
Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). The government claims the arms were
being smuggled by non-state actors from Afghanistan into Pakistan. On 15
September 2003, the Frontier Corps in Baluchistan seized 109 antipersonnel
landmines and 23 antivehicle
mines.[15] Landmines, mainly
antivehicle mines, were also seized in October 2003 in South
Waziristan[16] and in August
2003 in Quetta and Loralai.[17]
Stockpiling
There is no official information on the size of Pakistan’s stockpile.
Since 2000, Landmine Monitor has estimated that Pakistan holds at least six
million antipersonnel mines in stockpile, based on discussions with a senior
Pakistani official.[18] This
constitutes the fifth largest stockpile in the world. The government has
neither confirmed nor denied the number. It is not known how the size of the
stockpile has changed with new production of antipersonnel mines and with
Pakistan’s extensive use of antipersonnel mines in 2001 and 2002.
Pakistan is modifying its existing stock of low-metal-content antipersonnel
mines to make them conform to the detectability requirement of Amended Protocol
II.[19]
Use
During the current Landmine Monitor reporting period (since May 2003),
landmines and improvised explosive devices have been used in tribal conflicts
and against government law enforcement agencies, most notably in the province of
Baluchistan. Paramilitary forces and tribal police guarding the country’s
main gas pipeline have been the target of landmine attacks by tribesmen who want
the government to increase payments for the land-use rights. In August 2003, 10
people guarding the Sui-gas pipeline were injured and two killed by landmines in
two incidents on the Baluchistan-Punjab provincial
border.[20] In the same area in
November 2003, one Frontier Corps officer and his driver were wounded in a
landmine blast.[21] A Frontier
Corps man was killed in a mine blast in the Loralai area in January
2004.[22] In June 2004, a
landmine blew up a minibus carrying tribal policemen and other passengers in
Kolhu-Baluchistan, killing two people and wounding three
others.[23] Most incidents in
these areas are caused by antivehicle mines. The use of landmines has also been
reported in the past year (and previous years) in other tribal areas of Pakistan
including Bajaur, Khyber, Mohmand, Waziristan and Kurram Agencies.
During the escalation of tensions with India that began in December 2001,
Pakistani forces engaged in a massive mine-laying operation, which continued
until mid-2002. Initially the government was reluctant to acknowledge the
mine-laying; its public statements and its Amended Protocol II reports for 2001
and 2002 made no mention of mine-laying or subsequent clearance activities.
However, Pakistan’s November 2003 Amended Protocol II report referred to
mines “laid along the eastern border during escalation” and stated
that about 99 percent had been
cleared.[24] The government
also admitted using mines in a March 2003 letter to the
PCBL[25] and a July 2003 letter
to Landmine Monitor. The latter refers to “defensive minefields”
and states, “Please note that all measures were taken strictly in
accordance with our commitments and in line with our national legal obligations
precluding any problems for civilian
population.”[26] The ICBL
expressed concern that reports of civilian casualties in Pakistan following the
mine-laying called into question the effectiveness of the measures taken to
protect civilians.
Pakistan’s November 2003 Amended Protocol II indicates a willingness to
use mines in the future as well: “Civilians residing in contiguous area
of Indo/Pak border, likely to be mined during any future
escalation....”[27]
There were reports of use of mines by Pakistani troops in Kashmir during the
Kargil crisis in 1999.[28]
Pakistan maintains permanently laid minefields along certain portions of the
Line of Control in Kashmir.[29]
Pakistan used landmines during its three wars with India in 1947, 1965 and 1971.
It asserts that it cleared all minefields after each war.
Landmine Problem
In its November 2003 Amended Protocol II report, Pakistan states that the
problem of landmines in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas near the border
with Afghanistan still persists, while minefields on its border with India
“are properly fenced and clearly marked to impose caution on civilians
living in the surrounding
areas.”[30]
Landmine incidents continued to occur in 2003 and 2004 in all four provinces
of Pakistan. Due to lack of effective reporting mechanisms and surveys the
scale of the landmine problem and total number of casualties are not fully
known. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas, especially the Banjur and
Kurram tribal areas, are the most mine-affected. This region has been
contaminated with landmines since the outbreak of the USSR-Afghanistan war in
December 1979. Landmines were scattered by helicopter by Soviet and Afghan
forces to interdict various Mujahideen factions, while Mujahideen used mines to
protect their bases in the tribal
area.[31] A household survey
conducted by the NGO Human Survival and Development (HSD) from August 2000 to
August 2001 reported that mines have the most frequent impact on agriculture and
grazing land, non-agricultural land used for collecting firewood, irrigation,
roads and paths.[32]
With respect to the impact of the mine-laying operations on the Indian border
in 2001 and 2002, the government told a National Assembly session in April 2004
that there had been a total of 150 civilian casualties to mines in the border
areas.[33] Landmines casualties
have been reported in the districts of Bahawalpur, Kasur, Sialkot, and
Multan—all on the border with India—and the Sindh-Baluchistan
border. One press account indicated that in Sialkot district, thousands of poor
farmers were unable to cultivate the seasonal crops for several
years.[34] There have also been
civilian casualties in areas along the Line of Control in Kashmir where both
India and Pakistan have laid mines.
Mine Clearance and Assistance
In November 2003, Pakistan reported that approximately 99 percent of the
mines laid in the eastern border with India have been lifted. It indicated that
inspection to ensure 100 percent clearance was still in progress. It also stated
that minefields not completely cleared are properly marked to ensure the safety
of the local population.[35]
Pakistan contributed to mine action operations in Afghanistan (1989-91),
Kuwait (post-1991 Gulf War), Cambodia (1992-93), Angola (1995-98), Bosnia and
Herzegovina, and Western Sahara, mostly as part of the UN peacekeeping
contingents.[36] In November
2003 Pakistan said that it was assisting with demining operations in Lebanon,
Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of
Congo.[37]
The NGO Community Motivation & Development Organization (CMDO) carried
out a pilot mine clearance project in Bar Gabaray village in Bajaur Agency in
the first quarter of 2003, with the financial assistance of Association for Aid
and Relief (AAR), Japan. CMDO reported it assessed 3,083 square meters of
agricultural land, but found no
mines.[38] CMDO carried out a
project that included mine risk education and survivor assistance in Bajaur
Agency from March 2000 to March 2003.
Some villagers of Bajaur Agency use their own metal detectors to check
pathways or places suspected to be mine-contaminated for their own and their
families’ safety.
Mine Risk Education
In its 2003 Amended Protocol II report, Pakistan stated that civilians
residing in the India-Pakistan border area, where mines are likely to be used,
“are educated on the mines, minefields and the safety precautions to be
undertaken, if they come across a mined
area.”[39] It is not
known what type of activity has been conducted to inform the population.
In the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, CMDO has conducted mine risk
education since 2000, reaching a total of 97,664 people. During 2003, 34,706
children and 4,028 adults attended MRE
sessions.[40] CMDO, which
operated as Human Survival and Development until May 2002, launched its first
MRE program in the Bajaur tribal area in August 2000. In 2000, it reached
24,076 people in 147 villages. In 2001 it trained 18,059 people. In 2002, it
provided MRE to 20,795 people, and also introduced a community-based approach,
training 812 volunteers.[41]
The Swiss Foundation for Landmine Victims Aid, which funded CMDO’s program
FATA, suspended its support to CMDO in April
2003.[42]
On 1 January 2003, Handicap International (HI) terminated its MRE program in
Afghan refugee camps in Baluchistan province. The MRE program was established
in three refugee camps in October 2001. In 2002, HI provided MRE in eight
Afghan refugee camps in Baluchistan for a total of 243,719 Afghan refugees. In
addition, 414 Afghan refugees were trained as volunteer MRE
trainers.[43]
The Italian NGO Intersos provided MRE in Afghan refugee camps from January
2001 to June 2002.[44]
Landmine Casualties
In 2003, there were at least 138 new landmine/UXO casualties in Pakistan,
including 48 people killed and 90 injured; 85 were civilians, including 14
children and 11 women.[45]
SPADO recorded casualties in four provinces, the tribal areas, and Azad Kashmir:
23 casualties in Punjab province; 55 in Baluchistan; five in Sindh province; 46
in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas; and nine in Kashmir. Casualties in
2003 include an Afghan refugee who lost both her legs above the knee after
stepping on a landmine in Bajaur
Agency.[46]
Reported casualties have increased over the past few years. However, this
increase may be due in part to improved data collection mechanisms in the
mine-affected areas. Between 2000 and 2002, Landmine Monitor reported at least
290 new landmine/UXO casualties: at least 136 (83 killed and at least 53
injured) in 2002; 92 (28 killed and 64 injured) in 2001; and 62 casualties in
2000.[47] In April 2004, the
National Assembly was informed that 150 mine casualties had occurred in the
border areas of Lahore, Bahawalpur, Gujranjwala, Sindh and Kasur during the
military standoff with India, including 23 people killed and 99 who lost limbs.
The time period of the incidents was not
specified.[48]
Casualties continue to be reported in 2004. Between January and June, 32 new
landmine casualties (five people killed and 27 injured) were reported in the
media, including a woman who was killed after stepping on a landmine while
harvesting her wheat crop.[49]
In two other incidents in Kurram Agency in June, a farmer stepped on a landmine
and lost his right leg below the knee, and three children, aged five, seven and
nine, were injured after tampering with a
landmine.[50]
There is no comprehensive reporting system in the country and therefore a
large number of casualties are likely to remain unreported. The Pakistan
Campaign to Ban Landmines started collecting data on landmine/UXO casualties in
September 1997 from various sources, including newspapers, Tribal Agency
Headquarter Hospitals, the Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Center for the
Disabled, the Community Motivation and Development Organization database on the
Bajaur tribal area, and team visits to mine-affected areas. PCBL identified
1,038 landmine/UXO casualties (377 killed, 566 injured and 95 unknown) between
1980 and 2002; 71 percent are male and 29 percent
female.[51]
In September 2003, seven Pakistani nationals were reportedly killed after
stepping on landmines while trying to enter Greece
illegally.[52] Five Pakistani
nationals were killed in Iran, near the border with Pakistan, in December 2002
after their vehicle hit a
landmine.[53]
Survivor Assistance
There are no specialized medical, surgical or first aid facilities for
landmine casualties close to the mine-affected areas. Casualties are transferred
to hospitals in large cities mostly by private vehicles, or in some cases, by
ambulances. Civilians must cover the costs of medicine, treatment, and
transport. Military personnel have access to separate services free-of-charge
in Combined Military Hospitals (CMH). Afghan mine survivors residing in Pakistan
also use the Pakistani medical infrastructure, which adds an additional strain
in an already overpopulated country.
In Bajaur Agency, the district hospital is only capable of providing basic
first aid, and in some cases there is a problem arranging transport for the mine
casualty.[54] In 2002, the
Rescue Operation of Islamic Relief UK and the Mines Advisory Group, with funding
provided by OXFAM, each provided the CMDO with two ambulances for the Bajaur and
Kurram agencies to enhance the existing CMDO ambulance service and facilitate
free and fast transport for mine casualties to a fully equipped medical center
with proper first aid, treatment and surgical
facilities.[55]
There are no rehabilitation programs for landmine survivors supported by the
government in the mine-affected areas. Prosthetic facilities are available, but
mine survivors generally have to cover the costs, and many do not have adequate
resources.
The local NGO, Association for the Rehabilitation of the Physically Disabled,
in collaboration with Action for Disability UK, provided prosthetics,
rehabilitation and vocational training in ten different trades, for people with
a physical disability, including landmine survivors, mainly in the Afghan border
areas between April 2001 and 31 March 2004. Nine small border centers were
established in the tribal areas to improve access to services. In 2003, RCPD
assisted 864 people, including 458 mine survivors, and provided 118 prostheses,
54 wheelchairs and 152 crutches. In 2002, 988 people, including 635 mine
survivors, were assisted; 759 mine survivors were assisted in 2001. The program
was funded by the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial
Fund.[56]
CMDO carried out a mine action project that included survivor assistance and
data collection in Bajaur Agency from March 2000 to March 2003 with the
financial support of Swiss Foundation of Landmine Victims Aid. Since June 2001,
CMDO provided support for the physical rehabilitation of two landmine survivors
per month covering all costs including transport, accommodation, and other
treatment costs including prostheses; 64 landmine survivors were rehabilitated
under this program; most were children under 15 years old. Pakistan Prosthetic
and Orthotic Services (PIPOS) in Peshawar provided the rehabilitation service.
In February 2003, CMDO launched its new Multi-sector Mine Action project in the
Kurram Agency, in partnership with Humanitarian Medical Aid & Development
Response International, UK. The project focuses on the physical rehabilitation
of landmine/UXO survivors through physiotherapy as well as facilitating access
to other health services, including prosthetics, and includes a component for
socio-economic reintegration. During 2003, CMDO provided prostheses for 17 mine
survivors and 125 survivors received physiotherapy treatment; services are
free-of-charge. The Taiwan-based Eden Welfare Foundation distributed 100
wheelchairs through CMDO for landmine survivors in
2003.[57]
In 2003 and the first quarter of 2004, the Human Development Promotion Group
(HDPG) assisted 15 landmine survivors with artificial limbs, medical assistance
and physiotherapy. HDPG also covered the costs of travel and accommodation for
landmine survivors from Bajaur tribal area. The program is funded by US-based
World Children’s Fund (WCF) and First Hand
Foundation.[58]
From November 2000 to July 2004, Mercy Corps Scotland, together with the
Christian Hospital Quetta, supported the Baluchistan Community Rehabilitation
program in Baluchistan Province. The orthopedic workshop at Christian Hospital
assisted disabled Pakistanis and Afghan refugees in Quetta and at three refugee
camps (until 2002). The workshop fits artificial limbs for adults and children
and provides physiotherapy services. From January 2003 to May 2004, 1,903
people received physiotherapy treatments, 839 prostheses were fitted and 191
devices repaired; four mine survivors were assisted. Mercy Corps reports that
the number of new mine survivors seeking assistance has decreased in the last
two years. The program was funded by the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial
Fund. Although Mercy Corps Scotland involvement in the program has ended
Christian Hospital continues to provide services and is negotiating a
cooperative agreement with the
ICRC.[59]
From July to December 2002, Handicap International provided physiotherapy and
other rehabilitation services in three Afghan refugee camps (Charman, Mohammad
Khail and Loralai): 4,183 people were assisted, including some landmine
survivors.[60]
Pakistani landmine survivors from FATA and from Bajaur tribal area in
particular continue to seek assistance in the ICRC orthopedic workshops in
Afghanistan. However, the ongoing military operations by Pakistan and US forces
against Al-Qaida have restricted movements across the border between Pakistan
and Afghanistan.[61]
The government is paying compensation to mine survivors and the families of
those killed by landmines as a result of the conflict on the Pakistan-India
border. An amount of 50,000 Rupees ($823) is paid to the family of those killed
and from 10,000 to 25,000 Rupees ($165 to $412) to mine survivors, depending on
their injuries. Some members of the National Assembly claim that the amount
provided to the family of a person killed by a landmine is inadequate. As of
April 2004, 3.5 million Rupees ($57,635) had been paid to landmine victims in
the border areas. The government is reportedly in the process of verifying more
claims, after which compensation will be
paid.[62]
Two mine survivors from Pakistan participated in the Raising the Voices
training program in 2003.
[1] Explanation of vote on draft UNGA
Resolution A/C.1/57/L.36, New York, 23 October 2002; Letter to the coordinator
of the Pakistan Campaign to Ban Landmines (PCBL), from the Joint Staff
Headquarters, Strategic Plan Division, ADCA Directorate, Chaklala Cantonment, 14
February 2002; Statement by Fouzia Nasreen, Amb. of Pakistan to Nepal, South
Asia LM Meeting, 29 January 2001, and Letter to ICBL (Stephen Goose) from Amb.
Inam ul Haque, Pakistan Mission to UN, New York, 15 November
1999. [2] Statement by Pakistan,
Fourth Annual Conference of States Parties to Amended Protocol II, Geneva, 11
December 2002; Letter from Joint Staff Headquarters, 14 February 2002; Letter to
ICBL (Stephen Goose), from Abdul Moiz Bokhari, Director General (Disarmament-P),
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, No. DSMT-1/11/01 Islamabad, 27 January 2001;
Statement by Pakistan, First Annual Conference of States Parties to Amended
Protocol II, Geneva, 17 December 1999, p.
5. [3] Statement by Pakistan, Fifth
Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II, Geneva, 26
November 2003. [4] Statement Pakistan,
UN Security Council, 4858th Meeting, S/PV.4858, 13 November
2003. [5] Pakistan attended Standing
Committee meetings in March 2000 and May
2002. [6] Statement by Pakistan, CCW
Amended Protocol II Conference, 26 November
2003. [7] Letter to the PCBL
Coordinator from the Joint Staff Headquarters, Chaklala Cantonment, 4 April
2002. [8] See Form C of CCW Amended
Protocol II Article 13 Reports submitted: 26 November 2003, 15 October 2002, and
10 December 2001. [9] CCW Article 13
Report, Form D, 26 November 2003. [10]
Letter from Joint Staff Headquarters, 14 February 2002. Previously Pakistan
said it had not exported since
1991. [11] Letter from Joint Staff
Headquarters, 14 February 2002; CCW Article 13 Report, 10 December
2001. [12] See Landmine Monitor Report
2000, p. 525 and Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p.
568. [13] Letter from Joint Staff
Headquarters, 14 February 2001. [14]
See Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp. 523-525; Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p.
725. [15] “Pakistan troops in
Balochistan seize weapons smuggled from Afghanistan,” The News
(Islamabad), 16 September 2003. [16]
“Seizures of Anti Tank Mines & Unexploded Ordnance in South
Waziristan,” The Daily News (FATA, Pakistan), 3 October
2003. [17] “Police seize large
cache of arms in southwestern Pakistan,” Agence France-Presse, 15 August
2003. [18] See Landmine Monitor Report
2000, p. 525. [19] Letter from Joint
Staff Headquarters, 4 April 2002. Pakistan opted to utilize the nine-year
deferral period available under Amended Protocol II, meaning that conversion
must be completed within nine years of entry into force (by 3 December
2007). [20] “Sui guards injured
in mine blast,” Upstream (Pakistan), 1 August 2003; “Two soldiers of
FC killed, Six injured/Landmine exploded,” Pakistan Press International,
(Multan), 22 August 2003. [21]
“FC Officer, Driver Wounded in Mine Blast,” The News, 30 November
2003. [22] “FC man killed in a
mine blast,” The News (Loralai), 29 January
2004. [23] “Land mine explosion
kills policeman, civilian in Pakistan,” Associated Press (Quetta), 7 June
2004. [24] CCW Article 13 Report, Form
B, 26 November 2003. [25] Letter to
PCBL from Joint Staff Headquarters, 10 March
2003. [26] Letter to Landmine Monitor
(Mary Wareham) from Arif Ayub, Director General (UN & Disarmament), Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, Islamabad, No. Dsmt-1/9/03, 15 July
2003. [27] CCW Article 13 Report, Form
A, 26 November 2003. [28] See Landmine
Monitor Report 2001, p. 569. [29]
Letter from Joint Staff Headquarters, 4 April
2002. [30] CCW Article 13 Report, Form
A, 26 November 2003. [31] Rae McGrath,
Human Survival and Development, “Assessment of Organizational Structure
and of Operation and Plans in Response to Landmines and UXO-Affected Communities
in the Federally Administered Tribal Agencies of Pakistan,”
August/September 2000. [32] See
Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p.
727. [33] “23 lost lives, 99
limbs during military standoff with India, NA told,” The News, 2 April
2004. [34] “Farmers in Pasrur
are still waiting for assistance,” Press Trust of India, (Sialkot), 9
August 2003. [35] CCW Article 13
Report, Form B, 26 November 2003. [36]
“Fact Sheet on Pakistan’s Contribution Towards Mine Clearance
Activity World Wide,” undated, distributed in Geneva on 10 December 2001;
Statement by Pakistan, UNSC, 13 November
2003. [37] Statement by Pakistan,
UNSC, 13 November 2003. [38] Response
to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by by Munir Khan, Mine Action Manager, CMDO, 1
June 2004. [39] CCW Article 13 Report,
Form A, 26 November 2003. [40]
Response by CMDO, 1 June 2004. [41]
See Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p.
663. [42] Email from Swiss Foundation
for Landmine Victims Aid, 7 September
2004. [43] Report from Jean Gauthier
Heymans, Handicap International, Queeta, December
2002. [44] Email from Pia Cantini, MRE
Senior Officer, INTERSOS, 7 September
2004. [45] SPADO maintains a database
on landmine and UXO casualties with information collected from newspapers, field
personnel and NGOs working on mine-related
issues. [46] CMDO, “Landmine
& UXO Incident Report,” Peshawar, 18 April
2003. [47] See Landmine Monitor Report
2003, p. 664, and Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p.
728. [48] “23 lost lives, 99
limbs during military standoff with India,” The News International, 2
April 2004. [49] Landmine Monitor
analysis of seven media reports between January and June
2004. [50] CMDO, “Landmine
Incident Report,” Peshawar, 12 June 2004, and 14 June
2004. [51] For more details see
Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p.
664. [52] “7 killed by landmines
crossing Turk-Greece border,” Associated Press (Athens), 29 September
2003; “Greece and Turkey pledge to clear minefields along their
border,” AFP (Athens), 29 September
2003. [53] “Five suspected drug
smugglers,” Agence France-Presse, 20 December
2002. [54] See Landmine Monitor Report
2002, p. 729. [55] Landmine Monitor
Report 2003, p. 665. [56] Response to
LM Questionnaire by Farhat Rehman, Director, CBR Program, Association for the
Rehabilitation of the Physically Disabled, 19 April 2004 and 1 July
2003. [57] Response by CMDO, 1 June
2004; Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p.
665. [58] Response to LM Questionnaire
by Murad Ali, Assistant Director, HDPG, 19 April,
2004. [59] Response to LM
Questionnaire by Piritta Rikkonen, Program Officer, Mercy Corps Scotland, 30
August 2004; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p.
730. [60] Landmine Monitor Report
2003, p. 665. [61] Interview with Mr.
Mumtaz, Physiotherapy Technician, Mercy Hospital, Peshawar, 12 April
2004. [62] “23 lost lives, 99
limbs during military standoff with India,” The News International, 2
April 2004.
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