Key developments since May 2003: Perú reported that
humanitarian clearance in the departments of Piura and Tumbes was completed in
December 2003. Perú hosted a regional mine action seminar in Lima in
August 2003. In June and July 2003, the media reported that the Shining Path
(Sendero Luminoso) had used landmines in various villages in the department of
Ayacucho, Huanta province.
Key developments since 1999: Perú became a State Party on 1
March 1999. An inter-ministerial Working Group on Antipersonnel Mines was
formalized in September 1999 to oversee implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty.
No specific implementation legislation has been enacted. In December 2001,
Perú completed destruction of its 338,356 stockpiled antipersonnel mines,
far in advance of its March 2003 deadline. It has reduced the number of mines
initially retained for training from 9,526 to 4,024. Perú has played a
leadership role in the Mine Ban Treaty intersessional work program. Perú
served as co-rapporteur then co-chair of the Standing Committee on Mine
Clearance from May 1999 to September 2001, and as co-rapporteur then co-chair of
the Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention from
September 2001 to September 2003.
In May 2001, Perú and the Organization of American States signed an
agreement to support integrated mine action in the country. On 13 December
2002, Perú officially created the Peruvian Center for Mine Action,
“Contraminas,” responsible for mine action planning and
policy-making. Perú reported that humanitarian clearance in the
departments of Piura and Tumbes was completed in December 2003. In 2002, the
Army completed mine clearance of the Zarumilla Canal, its source at La Palma,
and the area leading to the international bridge at Aguas Verdes. Since 1999,
there have been at least 55 mine/UXO casualties in Perú. In early 2003,
the Association of Victims and Survivors of Landmines (AVISCAM) was created.
Mine Ban Policy
Perú signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997, ratified on 17
June 1998, and the treaty entered into force on 1 March 1999.
In July 1995, Perú declared its support for an immediate and
comprehensive ban on antipersonnel mines as early as July 1995, and it was an
active participant in the Ottawa Process. Perú has voted in favor of
every annual pro-ban UN General Assembly resolution since 1996. Since entry
into force in March 1999, Perú has played a leadership role in the Mine
Ban Treaty intersessional work program, and in promotion of full implementation
of the treaty. Perú served as co-rapporteur then co-chair of the
Standing Committee on Mine Clearance from May 1999 to September 2001, and as
co-rapporteur then co-chair of the Standing Committee on General Status and
Operation of the Convention from September 2001 to September 2003. It has
actively participated in the Universalization, Article 7 and Resource
Mobilization Contact Groups, as well as in the preparations for the 2004 Review
Conference.
Perú hosted a regional mine action seminar in Lima in August 2003 with
the support of Canada and the OAS and it has participated in other regional
landmine meetings held in Colombia (November 2003), Argentina (November 2000)
and México (January 1999).
There is no specific legislation in place to implement the Mine Ban Treaty.
A number of provisions in Perú’s Criminal Code apply to possession
and trade of weapons, such as antipersonnel landmines, and include criminal
sanctions. As of September 2004, the Parliamentary Commission of Justice and
the Review Commission of the Criminal Code were still working on a project
started in 2002 to reform the Criminal Code, which would include an article on
sanctions relating to
landmines.[1] The draft is due
to be considered by the National Congress after the Commission is finished with
it. In 2002 the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) reported that
the National Commission for the Study and Application of International
Humanitarian Law (Spanish acronym, CONADIH) was preparing
legislation.[2]
On 6 May 2004, Perú submitted its annual Article 7 report covering the
period March 2003-March 2004. The report, which includes voluntary Form J on
victim assistance, is the country’s
fifth.[3]
Perú has made few formal statements on issues of interpretation and
implementation related to Articles 1, 2 and 3, concerning joint military
operations with non-States Parties, foreign stockpiling and transit of
antipersonnel mines, antivehicle mines with sensitive fuzes and antihandling
devices, and the permissible number of mines retained for training purposes.
However, it has been generally sympathetic to ICBL views on these matters, and
as co-chair of the Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the
Convention, strove to encourage dialogue and common understandings. In May
2002, Perú made an intervention with respect to Article 2 of the Mine Ban
Treaty on the issue of antivehicle mines with antihandling devices, in which it
encouraged States Parties to evaluate their positions taking into account
humanitarian aspects, and to make an “authentic interpretation” of
the Mine Ban Treaty according to its spirit as well as its
letter.[4]
Perú is a State Party to Amended Protocol II of the Convention on
Conventional Weapons (CCW) and it attended the Fifth Annual Conference of States
Parties to Amended Protocol II in November 2003. For the second consecutive
year, Perú did not submit its national annual report under Article 13 of
Amended Protocol II.
Production, Transfer and Use
Perú is a former producer of antipersonnel mines. The National Police
(PNP, Policía Nacional del Perú) produced the “DEXA”
mine until production facilities were closed in 1994, while the Navy (Marina de
Guerra del Perú) produced the “CICITEC” MG-MAP-304 and the
“CICITEC” MGP-30 mine until production facilities were closed in
1997.[5] A United Nations
Assessment Mission to Perú reported that production of landmines in the
country only ceased entirely in January 1999, according to Ministry of Defense
officials.[6] Landmine Monitor
has been told that Perú never exported antipersonnel
mines.[7] In the past
Perú imported mines from Belgium, Spain, the United States, the former
Soviet Union and the former Yugoslavia.
Perú has repeatedly maintained that it did not use mines along the
border with Ecuador before, during or after the 1995 Cenepa conflict and that it
does not possess maps or registries of mines in the mine-affected areas along
the border with Ecuador.[8]
Perú used antipersonnel landmines to protect high-tension electrical
towers and public infrastructure during and after the internal conflict of
1980-1992 with guerrillas of the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso, SL) and the
Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA). Electrical towers of the
interconnected electrical energy transmission system in the departments of Ica,
Huancavelica, Junín and Lima were mined between 1989 and 1993, as was
public infrastructure in the departments of Cajamarca, Lima, Puno, and in the
Constitutional province of El Callao (Lima’s port) between 1993 and
1996.[9]
In June and July 2003, media reported that the Shining Path had used
landmines in various villages in the department of Ayacucho, Huanta province.
These were the first reports of SL use of mines since Landmine Monitor was
launched in 1998. In July 2003 it was reported that Shining Path killed a group
of seven people by planting a landmine in Sivia district, but according to the
military the device was a
booby-trap.[10] In June 2003,
media reported that hours after the Shining Path attacked a military patrol in
Pampa Aurora, Ayacucho department, Huanta province, a government soldier was
seriously injured after stepping on a landmine reportedly laid by the Shining
Path in the same area.[11] The
Peruvian Center for Mine Action, “Contraminas,” has requested
information on the mine problem in the area from the Ministry of Defense and the
Ministry of Internal Affairs. The Ministry of Internal Affairs responded that
it did not have information and as of April 2004 Contraminas had not received a
response from the Ministry of
Defense.[12]
Landmine Monitor knows of no other use of landmines since July 2003,
including by Shining Path, or along border areas with Colombia. In mid-January
2002, a US media article reported that guerrillas of the FARC (Revolutionary
Armed Forces of Colombia) had been seen in Perú some 450 kilometers from
the Colombian border, equipped with weapons including
landmines.[13]
Stockpiling and Destruction
In December 2001, Perú completed destruction of its stockpiled
antipersonnel mines, far in advance of its March 2003 deadline. Based on all of
its Article 7 reports, which have contained changing and sometimes inconsistent
information, it appears that from 1999 to December 2001, Perú destroyed a
total of 338,356 antipersonnel mines. These mines were in the possession of the
Navy, National Army and National Police. The Navy destroyed 3,916 stockpiled
CICITEC mines in 1999.[14]
Between March 2000 and March 2001, Perú reported that it destroyed 11,784
antipersonnel mines.[15] These
two earlier destructions are sometimes not included in Perú’s
destruction totals. Perú destroyed the bulk of its stockpile
–321,730 mines–in a period of three and a half months between 30 May
and 13 September 2001. That September date was declared as the completion date
for Perú. However, another 926 antipersonnel mines were destroyed in
December 2001 following a decision to reduce the number of mines retained for
training purposes.[16]
Government officials, diplomats, and representatives of international and
regional agencies attended an event marking official completion of the stockpile
destruction at Quebrada Cruz del Hueso in Lurín, in the department of
Lima on 13 September 2001.[17]
The destruction was carried out by the national Army by open detonation in seven
separate locations.
In May 2000, Perú reported that it planned to retain 9,526
antipersonnel mines for training. In May 2001 it decided to reduce the number
to 5,578, and in May 2002, it reduced it further to 4,024. Perú reported
that the same number of mines was retained in April 2003 and May 2004,
indicating that none of the mines have been destroyed yet in training, research
or development.[18]
Landmine Problem
Three parts of the country have been reported as mine affected:
Along the northern border with Ecuador in five departments where the 1995
Cenepa conflict took place: a)
Tumbes[19] (in Puente
Internacional-Hito Grau, Bocatoma La Palma-Papayal, Papayal-Los Limos, Los
Limos-Quebrada Seca, and Quebrada Seca-Matapalo), b) Piura (Los Hornos-Sullana,
Playa Norte-Hito Pampa Larga, and La Tina), c) Cajamarca, d) Amazonas
(Chinchipe, Río Achuime-Comainas, Cénepa, and Río
Santiago), and e) Loreto (Morona, Pastaza, Tigre, Curaray, Napo, and
Aguarico);[20]
The internal territory in the Pacific coast and Andean highlands where the
National Police used mines to protect high-tension electrical towers in the
departments of Ica, Huancavelica, Junín and Lima; public infrastructure
in the departments of Cajamarca, Lima, Puno; and in the Constitutional province
of El Callao (Lima’s port), which was mined during and after the internal
conflict of 1980-1992 with the Shining Path and the MRTA;
The southern border with Chile where Chile’s military government mined
its side of the border with Perú in the 1970s and 1980s.
Border with Ecuador
In June 2004, Perú reported that humanitarian clearance in the
departments of Piura and Tumbes had been completed in December
2003.[21] This left three
mine-affected departments along the border with Ecuador: Cajamarca, Amazonas,
and Loreto.
In May 2000 the Peruvian government estimated there were approximately
120,000 antipersonnel mines laid along the border with
Ecuador.[22] According to the
United Nations Mine Action Service, the most heavily-mined area is along the 78
kilometers in the foothills of the Cordillera del Cóndor mountain
range.[23] In June 2004,
Perú reported that there were 400,000 persons in the Cordillera del
Cóndor region affected by more than 30,000 mines in the ground. The
populations most at risk were the Huambisa and Aguaruna since they used jungle
paths to reach their crop
sites.[24] In the dense jungle
areas of Amazonas department, Shuar and Ashuar indigenous people live on both
sides of the border, and Aguaruna and Huambisa indigenous people on the Peruvian
side of the border. According to UNMAS, these people were displaced by the
border conflict and their ability to return to a traditional way of life was
constrained by the landmine and UXO
problem.[25] The OAS reports
that the types of mines laid are PMD-6, PMD-6M, PRB/M-35, PRB/M409 and the
Peruvian-manufactured
MGP-30.[26]
High-tension Electrical Towers and Public Infrastructure
Perú reported that as of March 2004 only one electrical tower in
Junín department affected by an estimated 40 antipersonnel mines remained
to be cleared.[27] Landmine
fuzes still remain, however and Divsecom, the Police demining team will remove
these from 1,711 previously cleared zones around electrical towers in Callao,
Junín, Lima,
Huancavelica.[28] Divsecom also
reported the completion of a humanitarian demining operation in a Police Base in
Vitarte, Lima, where there were unexploded remnants of war. Fuzes have already
been removed from around 53 high tension towers owned by EDEGEL SA and also in
20 percent of the demined area around a former police training ground in
Ventanilla, Callao.[29]
Perú is now due to start clearance around mine-affected public
infrastructure in Cajamarca, Puno, and El Callao, which is believed to be
affected by a total of 9,911 CICITEC antipersonnel
mines.[30] An estimated 927
CICITEC antipersonnel mines were laid around public infrastructure in El Callao
in 1993. Penitentiary facilities are mine-affected. In 1996, an estimated 2,906
mines were laid around facilities in Puno; in 1994, 2,889 mines were laid around
penitentiary facilities in Cajamarca; and in 1993, 3,189 mines laid were laid
around facilities in
Lima.[31]
In May 2000, Perú reported that it had laid 71,709 CICITEC and DEXA
mines around 2,020 electrical towers belonging to the electricity company EDEGEL
SA and the state company ETECEN S.A. (Empresa de Transmisión
Eléctrica Centro Norte
S.A).[32] In May 2001, it
reported a revised figure of 54,579 antipersonnel mines laid around 1,663
electrical towers.[33] In 2002,
the ICRC reported that approximately 350 communities lived in close proximity to
mined towers in the departments of Huancavelica, Ica, and Junín; with
mined towers located in the middle of some communities in parts of Huayucachi in
Junín.[34] According to
the ICRC, some fencing and warning signs had deteriorated due to weather and
damage by the local population and in some places the mines were displaced and
visible on the ground.[35]
Landmine Monitor previously reported that climatic factors such as El
Niño, and heavy rainfall created the danger of mine displacement in all
three mine-affected parts of the country. In the northern border, heavy rains
led to the displacement of antipersonnel and antivehicle mines in the Zarumilla
River area of Tumbes
department.[36] The threat of
displacement is greatest in the jungle regions of Amazonas department because of
the heavy rains. In 2002 the ICRC reported on the displacement of mines from
around electrical towers in the highland departments. In Perú’s
southern border, Chilean mines may have been displaced into Peruvian territory
by rain and erosion. In April 2001 Chilean marines set up an observation tower
close to the border with Perú leading to demonstrations by Peruvians.
Media reported that one of the main reasons the Chilean forces had established
the observation tower was to safeguard the local population from landmines
displaced by heavy rains in the Andean
highlands.[37]
Survey and Assessment
In August 2003, the OAS called for a detailed impact survey in the severely
contaminated department of Amazonas, noting that registries of mines are
incomplete or inexact for the department. The Peruvian Army was scheduled to
continue surveying heavily-populated areas at the source of the Achuime and
Santiago rivers and at the source of the Cenepa River in Condorcanqui province,
Amazonas.[38]
In 2003, the Army carried out surveys in Tumbes department (in Matapalo,
Quebrada Cazaderos, Pueblo Nuevo, Lechugal, El Milagro, La Palma, Uña de
Gato, Pocitos, Loma Saavedra, and Chacra Gonzáles) and in Sullana
province in the department of Piura (in Huasimo, Caserío Teniente Astete,
El Alamor, Pampa Larga, Playa Norte and La
Tina).[39] In three locations
in Tumbes, the survey did not reveal any mined
areas.[40]
An assessment mission was conducted by the OAS in August 1999 in order to
evaluate the landmine problem along the border with Ecuador and as a result of
this mission the OAS submitted working documents for consideration by both
governments containing a proposal to provide coordinated international
assistance in integrated mine action along the
border.[41] In August-September
1999 UNMAS conducted a multi-disciplinary and inter-agency assessment mission to
both Ecuador and
Perú.[42]
Mine Action Coordination and Planning
Perú officially created the Peruvian Center for Mine Action or
“Contraminas” (Centro Peruano de Acción contra las Minas
Antipersonales) on 13 December
2002.[43] Contraminas is the
office responsible for planning and policy-making for mine action, including
humanitarian demining.[44] It
is housed in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and is comprised of an Executive
Committee and a Technical Secretariat. The Executive Committee was formally
established on 13 April
2004.[45] The Ministries of
Foreign Affairs, Defense, Education, Interior, Health and the National
Commission to Integrate the Handicapped had to designate representatives to the
Executive Committee of
Contraminas.[46] In July 2004,
the National Commission to Integrate the Handicapped (CONADIS) named its
President as the representative to Contraminas.
[47]
Contraminas has received donations of equipment, computers and software
including the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) system from
the US and the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining
(GICHD).[48] Contraminas
maintains a registry of healthcare centers –updated to 1993– from
the Ministry of Health, and also holds maps of mined high-tension electrical
towers provided by the Ministry of Energy and Mines.
In 2003 informal meetings were held between Contraminas, representatives of
the Police, ICRC, the Ministries of Education, Defense, and Internal Affairs,
the OAS, and the National Commission for the Study and Application of
International Humanitarian Law, to develop and discuss a national mine action
plan, but the plan is still waiting to be
approved.[49]
The OAS Mine Action Program opened an office in Lima in October 2001,
following the conclusion of a framework agreement on mine action on 17 May 2001
between the Organization of American States and
Perú.[50] In April 2003,
the IADB established a permanent team of international monitors to support mine
clearance in Perú and Ecuador based at the center in Zarumilla,
Tumbes.[51] Five international
supervisors: two Brazilians, two Nicaraguans and one Honduran form part of the
newly created OAS Mission for Assistance in Demining in South America (MARMINAS,
Misión de Asistencia a la Remoción de minas en América del
Sur).[52] In September 2004
part of the personnel from this center was expected to move to Bagua, Bagua
province in Amazonas department, to support demining operations in that
department.[53] A team of
military experts from the US trained 26 national supervisors and assisted with
the establishment of a center for demining operations in
Tumbes.[54]
Mine Clearance
Perú’s treaty-mandated deadline for clearance of all mined areas
is 1 March 2009 and in April 2004, Contraminas told Landmine Monitor that
Perú expects to meet that
goal.[55] In 2002, the OAS
estimated that it would take until 2010 to declare Perú “mine
safe,” because of technical issues and extremely difficult conditions in
most of the mine-affected areas in the
country.[56] The same
information, including completion by year 2010, was reported by the Peruvian
Army and the OAS, and included in the August 2003 Portfolio of OAS AICMA
projects for 2004.[57]
Border with Ecuador
Agreement to demine the border between Perú and Ecuador was included
in the peace agreement signed by both countries on 26 October 1998 in Brasilia,
Brazil. In Perú, mine clearance of the border with Ecuador is the
responsibility of the national Army. As of June 2004, a total of 124 deminers
in two units were working, with support provided by five supervisors from OAS
MARMINAS.[58] The Army deminers
have received training and support from Spain and the United States.
On 12 March 2004, Perú and Ecuador announced the completion of
clearance operations in Tumbes department, and in the Ecuadorian province of El
Oro.[59] At the Standing
Committee meeting in June 2004, Perú reported that humanitarian clearance
in the department of Piura as well as in the department of Tumbes had been
completed in December 2003.[60]
This is the only statement Perú has made on the end of operations in
Piura.
In June 2002, Perú reported that it had completed demining the
Zarumilla Canal, its source at La Palma and the area leading to the
international bridge at Aguas
Verdes.[61] From January to
March 1999, demining allowed for the placement of border markers between the two
countries, while deminers cleared a trail between October 1999 and March 2000 to
join the Tiwinza memorial area located in Peruvian territory with Ecuador.
[62]
Clearance efforts in 2004 will be tied to the impact surveys being carried
out at the source of the Achuime and Santiago rivers in Amazonas, and at the
source of the Cenepa River.[63]
Clearance would begin at the source of the Achuime and proceed to the source of
the Santiago.[64] In June 2004,
Perú reported that the 51 Army deminers based in Tumbes would be
transferred to Amazonas to work with 73 other deminers already operating in that
department.[65]
High-tension Electrical Towers and Public Infrastructure
Mine clearance of the high-tension electrical towers in Lima, Huancavelica
and Ica departments has been the responsibility of the electricity companies and
carried out by a specialized unit of the National Police of Perú,
DIVSECOM (División de Seguridad Contraminas), formerly known as JEFAMDEAP
(Jefatura de Activación de Minas y Dispositivos de
Autoprotección)[66] and
also by deminers hired by the Industrial Services of the Navy (SIMA).
In February 2004, Perú reported the clearance of approximately 60,000
antipersonnel mines from 1,711 ETECEN electrical towers between December 2002
and February 2004 by the National Police and
SIMA.[67] Perú reported
that as of March 2004 only one electrical tower in Junín department
affected by an estimated 40 antipersonnel mines remained to be
cleared,[68] but unexploded
landmine fuzes still needed to be cleared from around the
towers.[69]
The clearance took place following the conclusion on 19 December 2002 of a
cooperation agreement between National Police and SIMA to demine 338
high-tension towers. In the initial phase from 19 December 2002 to 5 February
2003, 4,319 mines were cleared and destroyed from around 174 high-tension towers
on the transmission lines 201/202 Mantaro–Pomacocha and 218/219
Mantaro–Pachachaca.[70]
Between 24 March to 24 May 2003, 5,167 mines were cleared and destroyed from 164
towers.[71] Between March 2003
and March 2004, “partial or complete” operations had destroyed a
total of 43,600 antipersonnel mines (12,320 CICITEC mines and 31,280 DEXA mines)
from ETECEN towers.[72]
Previously, between June and September 2002 the National Police cleared and
destroyed 8,165 mines from around 350 electrical towers belonging to
ETECEN.[73] The clearance
operations began in San Juan de Miraflores (Lima) and continued towards Huancayo
(Junín) and Huancavelica in the central Andean highlands. Clearance of
the EDEGEL electrical towers, in Chosica near Lima, was completed by the
National Police in February
2001.[74] In May 2000,
Perú it reported it had cleared mines from electrical towers and public
infrastructure in Ventanilla,
Lima.[75]
In November 2003, Contraminas informed Landmine Monitor that demining of
electrical towers was completed in Huancavelica department, but unexploded fuzes
of DEXA mines were reportedly still littering areas that were supposed to be
clear of mines. The National Police and SIMA were to begin new operations in
2004, funded by the electricity company ETECEN, to guarantee the quality of the
demining process.[76] In June
2004 Perú reported that quality control of clearance around electrical
towers would be done to “verify and certify that the work carried out
guarantees the security and physical and psychological integrity of the
population.”[77]
Certification of those areas as free of antipersonnel mines is the
responsibility of Contraminas.
Concerns have been raised about inadequate provision of equipment, training,
and information for deminers clearing the electricity transmission system
towers. In January 2003, a former police deminer who had participated in one
SIMA clearance operation in Pisco, Ica department told Landmine Monitor that
deminers wore old bullet-proof vests, used knives to demine, and did not have
maps due to lack of cooperation from the
police.[78] According to the
May 2004 Article 7 Report, four deminers were injured between August and
September 2003.[79] In early
2003 another four deminers were injured in mine
explosions.[80] Following those
earlier demining casualties an OAS AICMA mission to Perú in March 2003
inspected equipment used during Police and SIMA mine clearance activities, but
the mission report had not been released as of August
2004.[81]
In 2003, RONCO Consulting trained National Police officers in humanitarian
demining supervision.[82] In
April and May 2002, the OAS carried out training activities with the support of
OAS MARMINCA supervisors; 40 individuals were trained in mine clearance and
another 30 in planning humanitarian demining
operations.[83] In October
2001, 19 National Police participated in a training course on mine
clearance.
Mine Clearanci in Chile on the Southern Border of Perú
On 3 August 2004, Chile began demining in its northern Region I bordering
with Perú with a ceremony attended by Chilean Minister of Defense
Michelle Bachelet, the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army General Juan
Emilio Cheyre, diplomats, Landmine Monitor Chile and
media.[84] The mine clearance
is taking place in five minefields containing 4,494 antipersonnel mines and
2,032 antivehicle mines in the northern sector of Chacalluta Airport, Arica in a
process that was expected to take eight months.
Mine Risk Education
In June 2004, Perú reported that an MRE project first carried out by
the ICRC in cooperation with Contraminas and the OAS in areas affected by mined
electrical towers would be replicated in the border regions with Ecuador, in
Amazonas, specifically in the districts of Cenepa and Santiago targeting a total
population of 19,187 Aguarunas and Huambisas indigenous peoples of the
Jíbaro linguistic
group.[85]
Between April and October 2003, Contraminas and the Ministry of Education
carried out an MRE project in the mine-affected departments of Lima,
Junín and
Huancavelica.[86] A total 198
teachers and 102 community leaders were first provided with MRE training, then
MRE campaigns were conducted reaching 2,441 people and finally the project was
evaluated.[87] The 2003 MRE
campaign was conducted with contributions provided by the ICRC ($23,400), OAS
AICMA Perú ($20,000), and the Peruvian Ministry of Education
($4,500).[88] It followed MRE
activities first conducted by the ICRC in 2002 in the departments of
Huancavelica, Ica and
Junín.[89] Eighteen
presentations were provided in 17 communities between June and September 2002,
in which approximately 7,040 people participated, and other activities included
an explanatory talk, a puppet show, and a discussion in Quechua, for communities
where this indigenous language is
spoken.[90] The Unit of Peasant
Communities of the Central Andes (UCSICEP, Unidad de Comunidades Campesinas de
la Sierra Central del Perú) was instrumental in bringing the MRE teams to
communities not accessible by car and in translating MRE messages into
Quechua.[91]
The National Police provided mine risk education sessions for communities
living near ETECEN electrical towers in Huancavelica and Junín in January
and February 2002 using brochures, bulletins and illustrated
calendars.[92] In 2001, the
National Police carried out MRE activities in, Junín department
(Huancayo) Ica department (Pisco), and in the department of
Lima.[93]
In Perú, Army personnel have carried out bilingual mine risk education
(MRE) activities along the northern border with Ecuador in schools and local
communities.[94]
Mine Action Funding and Assistance
In May 2003, the OAS provided projected financial requirements for the period
2003-2007. For Perú, the total was $4.4 million: $600,000 for 2003;
$800,000 for 2004; $1 million for 2005; $1 million for 2006; and $1 million for
2007, when OAS funding is due to end for
Perú.[95] In August
2003, the OAS reported that the OAS AICMA Perú program required $835,741
for calendar year 2004 for the Army to carry out clearance operations and
related activities such as surveys in the northern border region with
Ecuador.[96]
In 2004, the Peruvian government reported to States Parties its national
contributions to mine action in the country, totaling $3.38 million from 1999 to
2003: $150,669 in 1999, $36,120 in 2000, $47,240 in 2001, $462,925 in 2002, and
$2,687,995 in 2003.[97]
The United States has been the biggest donor to mine action in Perú.
It contributed $422,182 in its fiscal year
2003;[98] $925,000 in FY
2002;[99] and $1.66 million in
FY 2001 (covering the costs of US Special Operations Forces “train the
trainer” programs, as well as provision of vehicles and equipment for
demining).[100] In 2001 Japan
provided $594,000 to the OAS AICMA program for Perú and Ecuador. In
2000, the US and Canada provided $772,347. In 1999, Canada contributed
$198,000.[101]
Contributions to the “Managua Challenge” which assisted stockpile
destruction by Perú, Ecuador, and Honduras prior to the Third Meeting of
States Parties in September 2001 totaled $487,533 ($448,616 from Canada and
$38,917 from Australia).[102]
In June 2000, Australia sent two experts to Perú who held two seminars
and demonstrations on destruction of mine stockpiles for ten Peruvian Army
instructors and 90 members of the National
Police.[103]
In March 2003 an OAS contribution of $100,000 was to be used to insure
demining personnel, equipment, food, and lodging for National Police personnel
carrying out demining of the electrical towers in the interior of the
country.[104] In May 2002,
ETECEN and the National Police signed a $371,000 agreement for mine clearance
around the 350 electrical
towers.[105] According to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ETECEN is providing $1,991,500 for clearance around
an additional 1,350 high-tension towers by the National Police and
SIMA.[106]
In November 2003, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Perú signed a
Memorandum of Understanding on Perú’s contributions to UN
peacekeeping operations. Ten members of the country’s Humanitarian
Demining Special Platoon and another ten from the Engineering Squad of
Humanitarian Demining will form part of UN standby forces that may participate
in peacekeeping
operations.[107]
Landmine Casualties
In 2003, at least 13 people were injured in reported mine and UXO incidents
in Perú, including six deminers and four children aged between ten and 14
years.[108] In addition, there
were reports of seven people killed and one injured as result of mine use by
Shining Path guerrillas in
2003.[109] Reported casualties
in 2003 include a mine incident on 18 December 2003 when a 10-year-old child
suffered eye and throat injuries, and amputation of fingers, while herding sheep
near electrical towers in Pachahuasi-Tayacaja, Huancavelica
department.[110] Media reported
that the incident occurred in an area of Tayacaja province that had been
reported to be mine-free.[111]
On 21 March 2003, a 37-year-old Peruvian male lost his leg in a mine
explosion after illegally entering a marked minefield in Chilean territory, at
Quebrada de Escritos.[112]
No new landmine casualties were reported in Perú in the first half of
2004.
Between 1999 and 2002, there have been at least 42 mine/UXO casualties
reported in Perú: 19 injured in 2002; two 13-year-olds injured in 2001;
one killed and six injured in 2000; two killed and 12 injured in 1999. In
addition, one Peruvian was killed in a landmine explosion on Ecuadorian
territory in 2002, and one Peruvian was killed and two injured in separate mine
incidents on Chilean territory in
2001.[113]
The total number of mine casualties in Perú is not known as mine
incidents occur in remote areas and there have been no official surveys on the
number of casualties in Perú. Statistics on mine casualties are believed
to be underreported.[114]
Perú reported 252 antipersonnel mine casualties as of March
2004.[115] The ICRC registered
138 landmine casualties (18 killed, 48 amputations, and 72 badly injured)
between 1992 and 2003; half were
children.[116] Other sources
indicate that between 1995 and 1999, 179 landmine casualties were recorded,
including 62 soldiers, 67 police, and 50
civilians.[117]
In June 2004, Contraminas reported that it was developing a unified registry
that would provide accurate figures on the number of persons affected by
antipersonnel mines.[118]
Survivor Assistance and Disability Policy and Practice
All public health centers in the country reportedly have the capacity to
provide first aid, and state hospitals have the capacity to deal with trauma
cases and provide psychological
services.[119] The Army and the
National Police provide medical assistance, physical rehabilitation and
prostheses for their personnel injured by landmines. In March 2003 a police
official reported that most cases of deminers injured in 2002 and 2003 received
medical treatment at the Police Hospital in
Lima.[120] In 2002 ETECEN
covered the medical costs of seven mine/UXO casualties including one male
civilian survivor, four children, and two officers who were injured during
electrical tower maintenance
operations.[121]
Assistance to civilians is much more limited particularly in rural areas
close to the border with Ecuador and in the Andean highlands. In 2002, Landmine
Monitor reported that most mine and UXO survivors are children from extremely
poor rural areas, who face problems with social, economic and educational
reintegration following medical care and physical rehabilitation. In general
their relatives do not have the economic resources available for transportation
or to accompany the child for medical treatment and their capacity to provide
psychological support to a person in need of additional attention in the home is
limited. Huancavelica, which is one of the most heavily mine-affected areas, is
also the poorest department in the
country.[122] In June 2004,
Landmine Monitor visited the departments of Junín and Huancavelica and
met with landmine survivors and their families, and found the situation remained
unchanged from 2002.
Contraminas is reportedly coordinating with the Ministries of Defense,
Interior and Health to make the services that are available to the police and
army also available to civilian mine survivors in order to improve
coverage.[123] In February
2004, Contraminas reported that with the support of OAS AICMA Perú and
the ICRC it had started a pilot project to provide integrated assistance to 20
landmine survivors.[124]
The National Rehabilitation Institute (INR, Instituto Nacional de
Rehabilitación) offers integrated services including physical
rehabilitation, psychological support, and vocational training. However, INR
services are not free and are based in Lima, a limiting factor for mine
survivors who live far from the capital. With the assistance of the ICRC, the
INR produces around 1,400 prostheses a year at a cost of $300 per unit for the
cheapest prosthesis, below the market value but still inaccessible to the
poor.[125]
The state Integrated Health Insurance (SIS, Seguro Integral de Salud)
provides broad health coverage to young people and others in extreme poverty;
however it does not cover physical or psychological rehabilitation, or
prostheses.[126] According to
ICRC the treatment of a child severely injured in May 2003 was partially
supported through the
SIS.[127]
Since 1999, the ICRC has made representations to the authorities on behalf of
mine survivors who could not afford the cost of medical treatment and
rehabilitation, and directly supported survivors if necessary. No new mine
survivors were assisted in 2003, but the ICRC continued to assist with the cost
of prostheses for those supported in previous years. In 2002, the ICRC provided
prostheses for two mine survivors, and covered the medical expenses of six
mine/UXO survivors in
2001.[128]
The National Council for the Integration of Persons with Disabilities
(CONADIS) is responsible for the Center for Technical and Occupational Training
(CEFODI, Centro de Formación Técnica y Ocupacional) which provides
training for persons with disabilities in fields such as carpentry, shoe and
bread making. CEFODI is based in El Callao (Lima’s port). In 2002 it
provided 20 training courses for 450 persons and in 2001 ten training
courses.[129]
In early 2003, the Association of Victims and Survivors of Landmines
(AVISCAM) was created by a group of former National Police members injured
during mine clearance or mine laying
activities.[130] In 2003, the
director of AVISCAM worked with Contraminas and the ICRC on the mine risk
education campaign in Huancavelica and Junín
departments.[131]
Perú has legislation and measures to protect the rights of persons
with disabilities, including mine survivors; however, a lack of resources limits
their effectiveness. Legislation includes Law 26511 of 1995 which supports
disabled veterans of the Cenepa conflict; the 1999 General Law 27050 provides
for the care and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities and the creation of
CONADIS; Law 27124 of May 1999 extended the benefits available to disabled
veterans of the Cenepa conflict; and Resolution RP 004-2000-P/CONADIS aimed to
set up a national registry of persons with disabilities. CONADIS is the
inter-ministerial body responsible for the protection of the rights of persons
with disabilities.[132]
Perú has submitted the voluntary Form J with its annual Article 7
report each year since 2001, to report on mine casualties and victim assistance
activities.[133]
[1] Interview with Alcides Chamorro, former
President of the Commission of Justice and President of the Review Commission,
Lima, 9 March 2004. [2] ICRC,
“Programa de Sensibilización de los Peligros de las Minas
Antipersonal,” Lima, 2002, p.
9. [3] Article 7 reports were
submitted: April 2003 (for the period March 2002–March 2003), 16 May 2002
(for the period March 2001–March 2002), 4 May 2001 (for the period March
2000–March 2001), and 2 May 2000 (for the period up to March 2000). The
initial report had been due in September
1999. [4] Intervention by Perú,
Standing Committee on the General Status and Operation of the Convention, 31 May
2002. Notes taken by Landmine Monitor
(MAC). [5] Article 7 Report, Form H, 6
May 2004; Article 7 Report, Forms E and H, April 2003; ICRC, “Programa de
Sensibilización de los Peligros de las Minas Antipersonal,” Lima,
2002, p. 7. [6] UNMAS, “Mine
Action Assessment Mission Report: Perú,” 3 December 1999, p.
21. [7] Telephone interview with
General Raúl O’Connor, Director, Information Office, Ministry of
Defense, 19 April 2000. [8] Article 7
Report, Form C, 6 May 2004. [9] Ibid;
Article 7 Report, Form C, April
2003. [10] Javier Ascue Sarmiento.
“Pobladores de Sivia piden desactivar las minas dejadas por los
senderistas,” El Comercio (Lima), 15 July
2003. [11] Ibid; “Emboscada en
Sivia fue preparada con anticipación,” El Comercio, 13 July 2003;
“Los caídos,” Caretas (Lima), 17 July 2003; Hugo Ned
Alarcón, “Shining Path guerrillas kill one soldier in Peruvian
jungle ambush,” Associated Press (Ayacucho), 25 June 2003. Other media
articles reported that a soldier had his left leg amputated as a result of
weapons fire during the ambush. See “Senderistas roban medicinas,”
El Comercio, 27 June 2003; “Matan a soldado en emboscada
senderista,” La República (Lima), 26 June
2003. [12] Interview with Wilyam Lucar
Aliaga, Coordinator, Contraminas, 15 April
2004. [13] Sharon Stevenson,
“The FARC’s Fifth Column,” Newsweek (USA), 15-21 January
2002. [14] Article 7 Report, Form G, 2
May 2000. [15] Article 7 report, Form
G, 4 May 2001. [16] Article 7 Report,
Form G, 16 May 2002; Article 7 Report, Form B, 4 May 2001. The stockpiled mines
included A/R MGP CICITEC (Perú); CICITEC mines without cap or fuse
(Perú); CICITEC MGP-30; PMA-3 mines (Yugoslavia); POMZ-2M (Soviet Union);
PMB-6N mines (Soviet Union); PMB-6 mines (Soviet Union); EXPAL mines without
fuse (Spain); EXPAL P4 A1 (Spain); M-35C/ESP M5 mines (Belgium); M-35C/ESP BS-BG
mines (Belgium); M-409 mines (Belgium); M-16 mines (USA); M18A1 Claymore mines
(USA); 60510-MN mines (unknown); and “multiuse magnetic” mines
(unknown). [17] “Record of
Destruction of Antipersonnel Landmines.” Document certifying the
destruction, dated 13 September
2002. [18] The mines consist of: PMD-6
(500), CICITEC (775), M18-A1 Claymore (600), M35 C/ESP M5 (100), M-409 (525),
PMA-3 (500), PMD-6M (500), and POMZ-2M (500), all retained by the Army; and
CICITEC mines (24) retained by the National Police. Article 7 Report, Form B
and D, 6 May 2004; Article 7 Report, Form B and Form D, Table 1, April 2003;
Article 7 Report, Form B and D, 16 May
2002. [19] In April 2003, Perú
provided information on suspected mine-affected areas including Sector La Coja,
Pueblo Nuevo, Lechugal, and Tiwinza in the department of Tumbes. The department
in which these areas are located was not specified in the Article 7 report, but
a document provided to Landmine Monitor by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
indicates that the areas are in the department of Tumbes. See Article 7 Report,
Form C, Table 2, April 2003; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Aide Memoire,
“Tratamiento dispensado por el Perú al tema de las minas
antipersonal,” Lima, March
2003. [20] Article 7 Report, Form C,
Table 2, 16 May 2002. [21]
Intervention by Perú, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk
Education and Mine Action Technologies, 22 June 2004. In May 2003, Perú
had stated that completion of clearance in Tumbes and Piura was expected by
September 2003. Statement by Amb. Maritza Puertas de Rodríguez, Standing
Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies,
14 May 2003. [22] Article 7 Report,
Form C, 2 May 2000. [23] UNMAS,
“Mine Action Assessment Mission Report: Perú,” 3 December
1999, p. 10. [24] Intervention by
Perú, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, 22 June
2004. [25] UNMAS, “Assessment
Mission Report,” 3 December 1999, p. 3,
13. [26] OEA, AICMA, Portafolio
2003-2004, August 2003, p. 54. [27]
Article 7 Report, Form C, Table 1.1, 6 May
2004. [28] Informe N°
093-2004-DIRSEPUB PNP/DIVSECOM.EPO 12 August
2004. [29]
Ibid. [30] Article 7 Report, Form C,
Table 1, 6 May 2004. [31]
Ibid. [32] Article 7 Report, Form C, 2
May 2000. [33] Article 7 Report, Form
C, Table 1.1 and Table 1.2, 4 May 2001. The report notes “due to an error
in the first Article 7 Report the mined towers of one electrical tower were
counted twice.” [34] ICRC,
“Programa de Sensibilización de los Peligros de las Minas
Antipersonales,” Lima, 2002, pp. 6,
26. [35] Ibid, pp. 6,
8. [36] CCW Article 13 annual report,
Form F, 7 November 2000; “Cancillerías necesitan ponerse de acuerdo
para el desminado,” El Comercio, 31 May 2001; “En la frontera temen
remoción de minas,” El Tiempo (Piura), 23 March
2001. [37] “Cancillería
comunica a Chile su extrañeza y preocupación,” El Comercio,
5 April 2001; “Armada retiró vigilancia,” La Estrella de
Arica (Arica, Chile), 6 April 2001; “Chilenos invaden territorio
peruano,” La República, 3 April 2001; “Chile usurpa
más de 24 mil metros cuadrados de territorio peruano. Gobierno chileno,
en tanto, ordena retiro de tropa militar,” El Expreso, 6 April
2001. [38] OEA, AICMA, Portafolio
2003-2004, August 2003, pp. 56,
61. [39] Ibid, p.
57. [40] Ibid, p.
55. [41] See Landmine Monitor Report
2000, Appendix, Report of the OAS Mine Action Program,
2000. [42] UNMAS, “Assessment
Mission Report,” 3 December
1999. [43] Supreme Decree
N°113-2002-RE. “Normas Legales,” El Peruano (Official
Government Gazette), 13 December 2002, pp.
235027-235028. [44] Interview with
Wilyam Lúcar Aliaga, Coordinator, Contraminas, Geneva, 16 May 2003;
Article 7 Report, Form A, April
2003. [45] Ministerial Resolution No.
185-2004-RE of 12 March 2004 designated representatives from the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs to the Executive Council of Contraminas. Article 7 Report, Form
A, 6 May 2004. [46] By Ministerial
Resolution 088-2003-ED (21-01-03). Article 7 Report, Form A, April
2003. [47] Interview with Wilyam
Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, 15 April
2004. [48] Statement by Perú,
Standing Committee on General Status and Operations, Geneva, 3 February
2003. [49] Interview with Wilyam
Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, 15 April
2004. [50] OAS News, “Destroying
Landmines in Ecuador, Perú,” May-June
2001. [51] OAS, Update on Regional
Mine Action Efforts, May 2003. [52]
OEA AICMA, Portafolio 2003-2004, August 2003, p.
57. [53] Interview with Wilyam
Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, 15 April
2004. [54] OAS, Update on Regional
Mine Action Efforts, May 2003. [55]
Interview with Wilyam Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, 15 April
2004. [56] OAS, “Landmines
Removal in Perú,” Project document located on the UN Mine Action
“E-mine” website, updated 30 November 2002. In June 2004,
Perú again described the difficult situation for mine clearance in the
Cordillera del Cóndor: the rough jungle terrain, climate, difficult
access, and the way mines were sown in that area. Intervention by Perú,
Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, 22 June
2004. [57] OEA, AICMA, Portafolio
2003-2004, August 2003, p. 58. [58]
Intervention by Perú, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, 22 June
2004. [59] Boletín de Prensa
No. 109, “Conclusión del desminado humanitario en la frontera
ecuatoriana-peruana: El Oro y Tumbes,” 12 March 2004; “Perú y
Ecuador terminan deminado humanitario en zona fronteriza,” El Comercio, 12
March 2004. [60] Notes taken by
Landmine Monitor (MAC), and Intervention by Perú, Standing Committee on
Mine Clearance, 22 June 2004. In May 2003, Perú had stated that
completion of clearance in Tumbes and Piura was expected by September 2003.
Statement by Perú, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, 14 May
2003. [61] Milagros Rodríguez,
“Culminan desminado humanitario en 18 kilometros de la frontera
norte,” El Comercio, 15 June 2002; Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press
Release 91-02, “Ejército Peruano entregará desminado del
canal de Zarumilla;” Ministry of Defense Press Release, “Annual
Report,” 30 December 2002, p.
2. [62] Statement by Perú,
Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, 9 May 2001; Telephone interview with
Manuel Talavera, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 7 June 2002; CCW Article 13
Report, 10 December 2001, p. 6; Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
“Ejército Peruano;” Ministry of Defense, “Annual
Report,” 30 December 2002, p.
2. [63] OEA, AICMA, Portafolio
2003-2004, August 2003, p. 56. [64]
Ibid, p. 61. [65] Intervention by
Perú, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, 22 June
2004. [66] JEFAMDEAP was formerly
known as DIVSAM-DEXA (División de Seguridad de Activación de Minas
– Dispositivos Explosivos de
Autoprotección). [67] Ministra
Elvira Velásquez Rivas-Plata, Intervention by Perú, Standing
Committee on Mine Clearance, 11 February
2004. [68] Article 7 Report, Form C,
Table 1.1, 6 May 2004. [69] Telephone
interview with Willyam Lucar, and Cfr. 12 August 2004 Informe N°
93-2004-DIRSEPUB
PNP/DIVSECOM.EPO. [70] According to
Ministerial Resolution No. 2232-2002-IN-PNP of 18 December 2002. See Document
036-2003-DIRSEGPU PNP/JEFAMDEAP.APO, 28 March
2003. [71] Interview with Jaime Toso,
OAS AICMA Perú, Lima, 29 May 2003. According to the OAS, the second phase
of clearance operations ended on 21 May
2003. [72] Article 7 Report, Form G,
Table 2, 6 May 2004. [73] Document
036-2003-DIRSEGPU PNP/JEFAMDEAP.APO, 28 March 2003, provided to Landmine Monitor
(Perú) by the PNP. The number of mines reported cleared from June 2002 to
February 2003 totals 12,848. This figure differs from the 12,544 mines reported
cleared to March 2003 in the Article 7 Report. Article 7 Report, Form C, Table
1.2, Form G, April 2003. [74]
Interview with Pilar Campana, EDEGEL SA, Lima, 22 February
2001. [75] Article 7 Report, Form E, 2
May 2000. [76] Interview with Willyam
Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, 15 April
2004. [77] Intervention by
Perú, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, 22 June
2004. [78] Interview with former
police deminer, Lima, January
2003. [79] Article 7 Report, Form J,
“Relación nominal de personas civiles víctimas de las minas
antipersonales de zonas minadas,” 6 May
2004. [80] Statistics compiled by
Landmine Monitor from Perú’s Article 7 Report, Form J, April 2003,
and media reports including Buenos Días Perú, Channel 5
television, 30 May 2003; “Explosión de mina deja sin manos a
niño” Perú21 (Lima), 30 May 2003, p.
19. [81] The inspections took place at
the Navy Base in Lima on 6-7 March 2002. Interview with Wilyam Lúcar
Aliaga, Contraminas, 10 March 2003. Honduran Lt. Edgardo Velásquez of
the OAS IADB verified and supervised the equipment, uniforms and procedures of
JEFAMDEAP. PNP Document, 28 March
2003. [82] Informe N° 93,
DIVSECOM, 12 August 2004. [83] Letter
to Landmine Monitor (Perú) from Colonel Miranda, DIVSAM-DEXA PNP, 17 May
2002. [84] See Chilean Ministry of
Defense Press Release, “Ministra de Defensa Nacional encabeza
operación de levantamiento de campos minados en zonas fronterizas,”
Santiago, 31 July 2004, available at www.defensa.cl
. [85] Intervention by Perú,
Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, 22 June
2004. [86] Ibid; Article 7 Report,
Form I, 6 May 2004. See also Aide memoire “Taller Educación sobre
el riesgo de minas antipersonal Sierra 2003”, December 2003, provided to
Landmine Monitor by Contraminas on 23 April
2004. [87] Intervention by
Perú, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, 22 June 2004; Article 7
Report, Form I, 6 May 2004; Intervention by Perú, Standing Committee on
Mine Clearance, 11 February 2004. [88]
Interview with Jaime Toso, Coordinator, OAS AICMA Perú, Lima, 29 May
2003; Interview with Wilyam Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, 30 May
2003. [89] ICRC, “Programa de
Sensibilización de los Peligros de las Minas Antipersonal,” Lima,
2002, p. 10. [90] Four in Lima, four
in Junín and ten in Huancavelica. Ibid, pp. 5 and
16. [91] Ibid, p. 2. The UCSICEP
personnel were provided with food and in some cases received compensation for
the loss of a day’s work on their
land. [92] Document 036-2003-DIRSEGPU
PNP/JEFAMDEAP.APO, 28 March 2003, provided to Landmine Monitor (Perú) by
the PNP. [93] Letter to Landmine
Monitor (Perú) from Colonel Alfonso Miranda and Major Víctor
Patiño, DIVSAM-DEXA PNP, 27 May
2002. [94] See Article 7 Report, Form
I, 16 May 2002; and Article 7 Report, Form I, 4 May
2001. [95] See OAS, “Mine Action
Program: Making the Western Hemisphere landmine-safe,” Resource
Mobilization: Projection of Financial Resources/Requirements 2003-2007, p.6.
Presented at the Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the
Convention, Geneva, 12 May 2003. [96]
OEA, AICMA, Portafolio 2003-2004, August 2003, p.
57. [97] Resource Mobilization Contact
Group, “A review of resources to achieve the Convention's aims,”
table 2, p. 7, presented by Norway at the Standing Committee on General Status
and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 25 June 2004. In February 2003
Perú noted that through financial loans by public companies, Perú
had allocated US$371,000 to mine clearance in 2002 and almost US$2 million for
mine clearance in 2003. Statement by Perú, Standing Committee on General
Status, 3 February 2003. [98] See
United States entry in this Landmine Monitor Report
2004. [99] US Department of State
(DOS), To Walk the Earth in Safety: The United States Commitment to Humanitarian
Demining September 2002. This included $225,000 from DOS and an estimated
$700,000 from the Defense Department. US military personnel have trained
Peruvian Army personnel in demining techniques, and have also provided
assistance in the areas of mine awareness and mine action management
procedures. [100] US DOS, “To
Walk the Earth in Safety,” November 2001, p.
38. [101] OAS Mine Action Program:
Statement of Contributions Received by December 2001, 1992-2001, Non-official
table provided by email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Carl Case, OAS AICMA, 18
June 2002. [102] Col. William
McDonough, “Report of the OAS Mine Action Program to the Committee on
Hemispheric Security,” 14 March
2002. [103] CCW Amended Protocol II
Article 13 Report, Form E, 7 November
2000. [104] Peruvian Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, Aide Memoire, “Tratamiento dispensado por el Perú
al tema de las minas antipersonal,” Lima, March
2003. [105] Interview with Manuel
Talavera and Hugo Contreras, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Lima, 10 May 2002;
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Aide Memoire, provided to Landmine Monitor
(Perú) on 10 May 2002; letter from Colonel Alfredo Miranda, 17 May
2002. [106] Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, Aide Memoire, March 2003.
[107] “Kofi Annan statement in
Lima”, UN Press Release SG/SM/9001, 13 November
2003. [108] Statistics compiled by
Landmine Monitor from Perú’s Article 7 Report, Form J,
“Relación nominal de personas civiles víctimas de las minas
antipersonal en zonas minadas,” 6 May 2004, p. 18 and Article 7 Report
Form J, April 2003, and media reports including Buenos Días Perú,
Channel 5 television, 30 May 2003; “Explosión de mina deja sin
manos a niño,” Perú.21 (Lima), 30 May 2003, p.
19. [109] See Production, Transfer and
Use section in this report for
details. [110] Article 7 Report, Form
J, “Relación nominal de personas civiles víctimas de las
minas antipersonal en zonas minadas,” 6 May 2004, p.
18. [111] Rosario Rodríguez,
“Mine mutila a pastorcito,” Ojo (Lima), 21 December
2003. [112] “Peruano herido por
mina,” La Estrella de Iquique (Iquique, Chile), 22 March 2003;
“Ejército logra rescate en zona minada,” El Mercurio
(Santiago, Chile), 22 March
2003. [113] For details see Landmine
Monitor Report 2003, pp. 394-395; Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p. 406; Landmine
Monitor Report 2001, p. 384; Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp.
302-303. [114] ICRC, “Programa
de Sensibilización,” pp.
7-8. [115] Article 7, Form J, 6 May
2004. [116] ICRC Special Report,
“Mine Action 2003,” Geneva, August 2004, p.
46. [117] US DOS, “To Walk the
Earth,” November 2001, p.
38. [118] Presentation by Perú,
Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration,
Geneva, 23 June 2004. [119]
Presentation by Perú, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance, 10
February 2004. [120] Interview with
Col. José Paz, Chief, JEFAMDEAP PNP, Lima, 28 March
2003. [121] Article 7 Report, Form J
(Table 2), 16 May 2002; Article 7 Report, Form J, April 2003; information
provided to Landmine Monitor by Fanny Díaz, Medical Assistance Program,
ICRC, 30 May 2003. [122] See Landmine
Monitor Report 2002, p. 407. [123]
Presentation by Perú, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance, 23 June
2004. [124] Presentation by
Perú, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance, 10 February
2004. [125] Ibid, and 23 June
2004. [126] Presentation by
Perú, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance, 10 February
2004. [127] Interview with Fanny
Díaz, ICRC, Lima, 30 May
2003. [128] ICRC Special Reports,
“Mine Action 2003,” Geneva, August 2004, p. 46; “Mine Action
2002,” July 2003, p. 38; “Mine Action 2001,” July 2002, p.
29. [129] Presentation by Perú,
Standing Committee on Victim Assistance, 23 June
2004. [130] Email to ICBL from Carlos
Estrada, President, Association of Victims and Survivors of Landmines, 20 May
2003. [131] Aide memoire,
“Taller Educación sobre el riesgo de minas antipersonal Sierra
2003,” December 2003, provided to Landmine Monitor by Contraminas on 23
April 2004. [132] See Landmine Monitor
Report 2000, p. 303; Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p.
385. [133] See Form J in Article 7
reports submitted on 6 May 2004, April 2003, 16 May 2002, and 4 May
2001.