Summary: Signatory Cyprus has expressed its desire to ratify the convention, but ratification legislation introduced in parliament in 2011 still has not been enacted. It has participated in several meetings of the convention, most recently in 2013. Cyprus abstained from the vote on the first UN resolution on the Convention on Cluster Munitions in December 2015. Cyprus states that it has never used, produced, or transferred cluster munitions, but it is believed to stockpile them.

Policy

The Republic of Cyprus signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 23 September 2009.

In November 2015, Cyprus informed the UN General Assembly (UNGA) that the “abnormal security situation on the island” has prevented its ratification of the convention from proceeding since 2011, but expressed hope “these issues can and will be resolved.”[1]

Cyprus made the remarks during its explanation of its vote abstaining on the first UNGA resolution on the Convention on Cluster Munitions, which calls on states outside the convention to “join as soon as possible.”[2] Cyprus was one of few signatories to abstain the vote from the non-binding resolution, which 140 states adopted.

Since 2011, various government officials have communicated with the Monitor and the CMC about the ratification process.[3] In May 2015, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed the Monitor that the ratification process was still being considered by parliament, particularly “the fact that Turkey, whose occupation forces have been stationed illegally on Cyprus since 1974, has not yet joined the convention.”[4]

When the draft ratification legislation for the convention was introduced in the House of Representatives in 2011, Cyprus informed States Parties that it was expected to be approved in 2012.[5] But in April 2013, a government official informed the Monitor that ratification of the convention had “unfortunately…been put on hold” due to “other considerations” and expressed the government’s intent to ratify the convention in the future.[6] Cyprus participated in one international conference of the Oslo Process to develop the convention text (Vienna in December 2007), but attended the formal negotiations of the convention in Dublin in May 2008 and the Convention on Cluster Munitions Signing Conference in Oslo in December 2008 only as an observer.

Cyprus subsequently signed the convention at the UN in New York in September 2009, becoming the 100^th signatory to the convention.

Cyprus has participated in two of the convention’s Meetings of States Parties (2011 and 2012) and attended intersessional meetings of the convention in Geneva in 2011-2013. Cyprus was invited to, but did not attend, the convention’s First Review Conference in Dubrovnik, Croatia in September 2015.

Cyprus has voted in favor of UNGA resolutions condemning the use of cluster munitions in Syria, most recently in December 2015.[7]

Cyprus is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty.

Cyprus is also a party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) and drew attention to its CCW status in its November 2015 explanation of the vote to abstain from supporting the UNGA resolution on the Convention on Cluster Munitions.[8]

Use, production, transfer, and stockpiling

Cyprus informed the Monitor in 2012 that it has never used, produced, or transferred cluster munitions.[9]

Cyprus has not disclosed information on the size or status of its stockpile of cluster munitions or requested technical or financial assistance for its destruction.

Cyprus possesses 122mm BM-21 Grad multiple launch rockets, but it is not known if these weapons have cluster munition warheads.[10] Additionally, Cyprus acquired other systems capable of delivering submunitions, including Zuzana 155mm howitzers imported via Greece from Slovakia in 2007 and M63 Plamen and M77 Oganj multiple-barrel rocket launchers from Yugoslavia in the 1980s.[11]

In 2010, a Ministry of Foreign Affairs official asserted that Turkish Armed Forces “have stocked considerable quantities of cluster bombs in the occupied territory of the Republic [of Cyprus].”[12]

Cyprus has not indicated if it intends to retain cluster munitions for research or training.

Contaminated by: antipersonnel and antivehicle mines (light contamination)

Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline: 1 July 2019
(No change since extension granted)

The exact extent of the remaining mine contamination is not known, though it is estimated that antipersonnel and antivehicle mines affect 2km² of land. In 2015, in the buffer zone 16,691m² was cleared and 45,000m² reduced by technical survey. In the Turkish controlled territory in the north, 1,847m² was cleared, and 562,277m² was canceled.

Recommendation for action 

• The Republic of Cyprus and Turkey should heed the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General’s call for access to all remaining mined areas inside and outside the buffer zone in order to achieve a mine-free Cyprus.[1]

Contamination

Cyprus is contaminated by antipersonnel and antivehicle mines. The island has been divided geographically and politically by what was once a heavily mined, 180km-long buffer zone since 1974, when Turkish armed forces occupied the north of the island. Minefields were laid by both the Greek Cypriot National Guard and Turkish forces. The exact extent of the remaining mine contamination across the island is not known. UNFICYP (the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus) estimates that more than 7,000 antipersonnel and antivehicle mines still remain across the island, affecting 2km² of land.[2]

Between becoming a State Party on 1 July 2003 and its original Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline of July 2013, Cyprus released all mined areas under its effective control.[3] Cyprus has reported that no antipersonnel mines remain in the minefields of the National Guard, on territory under its effective control.[4]

In November 2013, Cyprus reported that no minefields under its control remained in the buffer zone, after its clearance of two mined areas in Dali in 2012 and a further mined area at Potamia by July 2013, in accordance with its national plan.[5] According to Cyprus, the sole remaining minefield in the buffer zone is located in Turkish-controlled area, close to the village of Dherynia.[6]

In May 2016, a Cyprus official in Geneva reiterated that there are no antipersonnel mines in areas under its control.[7] A July 2016 report by the UN Secretary-General on the UN operation in Cyprus still mentions “four known remaining minefields in the buffer zone, of which three belong to the National Guard and one to the Turkish forces.”[8] The ICBL has called for future UN reports to clarify the type of contamination found in those minefields.[9]

The extent of mine contamination in areas controlled by Turkish armed forces is not known. However, Cyprus wrote in its latest Article 7 transparency report (for 2015) that at least 20 minefields laid and maintained in the occupied areas by Turkish forces are yet to be cleared of antipersonnel mines, of which one is situated within the buffer zone.[10] According to the UN, some military mine clearance appears to have been conducted over most locations that are still recorded as minefields.[11]

Twenty-eight known minefields laid by the Cyprus National Guard prior to the 1974 Turkish invasion, north of Nicosia towards the Pentadaktylos mountain range, are today located in the Turkish-occupied areas. The minefields included 1,006 antipersonnel mines, but the Republic of Cyprus is not aware of the condition of these minefields or whether or not they have been cleared by the Turkish armed forces.[12]

The President of the Republic of Cyprus, Nicos Anastasiades, provided the northern Cyprus president, Mustafa Akinci, with coordinates of the 28 minefields during a meeting on 15 May 2015.[13] This meeting marked the re-launching of negotiations after an almost seven-month hiatus, and the decision to provide information on these minefields was commended by the UN Secretary-General.[14] Survey of the minefields was subsequently conducted by the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS), supported by Turkish engineering forces, and in conjunction with UNFICYP.[15] (See section on Land Release.)

Program Management

In the buffer zone, survey is typically conducted by UNMAS. In 2015, clearance was conducted by the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) Troop Contributing Country (TCC) demining teams (currently the Cambodian Construction & Engineering Company, CAMBCOY), as part of UNFICYP’s inter-mission cooperation with UNIFIL.[16] In mid-2016, UNMAS initiated survey and clearance activities on behalf of UNFICYP in accordance with the objectives outlined in UN General Assembly report A/70/717.[17]

Quality management 

In 2015, external quality assurance (QA) was conducted by the UNMAS Lebanon QA section, in accordance with procedures detailed in its standard working procedures and the national technical and safety guidelines.[18] In 2016, UNMAS Cyprus has been providing external QA of the demining activities undertaken by the UN-funded team.[19]

Land Release

In 2015, in the buffer zone, 16,691m² was confirmed as contaminated through survey, and subsequently cleared. A further 45,000m² was reduced by technical survey.[20]

In Turkish-controlled territory in northern Cyprus, 1,847m² was released through clearance. Fourteen areas, totaling 92,963m², were confirmed as mined. In addition, 25 minefields and part of one suspected hazardous area (SHA) at Dherynia were canceled, totaling 562,277m². A further 13 minefields were canceled, but the area was not verified.[21]

Survey and clearance in the Buffer Zone in 2015 

On 30 December 2014, mines were displaced into the Buffer Zone from north of the ceasefire line owing to heavy rain. The area is regularly patrolled by UNFICYP and farmed by civilians.[22]

UNMAS subsequently conducted non-technical survey (NTS) of the Mammari area in February 2015.[23] In addition, as part of a pre-deployment visit and in their capacity as tasking manager for all UNIFIL TCC demining assets, CAMBCOY also conducted survey of the wash-out area in Mammari in April 2015, during which 16,691m2 was confirmed as mined, and an additional 45,000m2 was reduced by technical survey.[24]

Clearance began on 26 May 2015, conducted by a 20-strong team, also deployed by UNIFIL’s CAMBCOY as part of UNFICYP’s inter-mission cooperation with UNIFIL.[25] During clearance, 16,691m2 was cleared, in which three antivehicle mines (one mine considered as complete, two others found in parts), one antivehicle mine fuze, one antipersonnel mine fuze, and two antivehicle TNT pieces were destroyed.[26] The task was completed on 2 September 2015, and the mined area in the buffer zone (resulting from the flooding) was declared clear and handed back to the community and landowners on 9 September 2015.[27]

In July 2015, the UN Secretary-General reported that “to avoid a similar incident in the future, UNFICYP liaised closely with the Turkish Cypriot authorities and secured their commitment to clear the area north of the ceasefire line in the coming months.”[28] However, the UN Secretary-General reported in July 2016 that: “With respect to the minefield just north of the buffer zone in Mammari, which caused the mine-wash in 2015 as a result of heavy rains, no progress was registered on the clearance of the minefield despite assurances by the Turkish Cypriot security forces.”[29]

Survey and clearance in Turkish-controlled Territory in northern Cyprus in 2015

On 4 June 2015, the northern Cyprus president asked for assistance to address the 28 minefields on Turkish-controlled territory. In response, and with a view to facilitating future demining, UNFICYP and UNMAS worked to refine the data and map the minefields, which are suspected to contain both antivehicle and antipersonnel mines.[30]

NTS to assess the scope of the contamination and the requirements for subsequent clearance started on 18 June 2015[31] and was completed on 7 July 2015.[32] The survey was conducted by UNMAS, supported by Turkish engineering forces, in conjunction with UNFICYP.[33]

During the survey, a total of 321,363m2 was canceled while 92,963m2 was confirmed as mined. This included the 28 minefields referred to above (one of which was sub-divided into three minefields), of which 25 were canceled totaling 321,363m2, and the remaining five areas, totaling 6,163m2, were confirmed as mined. An additional 13 minefields were canceled (area not verified), while nine other SHAs were confirmed as mined, totaling 86,800m2.[34]

UNFICYP reported that the Cambodian CAMBCOY team that conducted clearance in the Mammari area of the buffer zone in 2015 surveyed and cleared an additional 1,847m² around Lefka-Aplici in northern Cyprus later in the year, destroying 31 antivehicle mines and one trip flare in the process.[35] In addition, a technical survey of Dherynia was conducted as part of confidence-building measures to open up new crossing points, as agreed by leaders on 28 May 2015. During the survey, 240,914m² was canceled in the western portion of the SHA.[36]

Progress in 2016

Buffer Zone

UNMAS clearance assets supporting UNFICYP are currently conducting survey in the Dherynia area to improve force protection adjacent to a UN position.[37]

Turkish-controlled territory in northern Cyprus

The UN Secretary-General reported in July 2016 that, “following on from demining conducted in 2015, UNFICYP planned for clearance of the five dangerous areas in the north identified during the survey of the 28 minefield locations released by Mr. Anastasiades to Mr. Akıncı in May 2015 as part of leader-to-leader confidence-building measures. With funding included in the UNFIYCP 2016/17 budget, technical expertise from UNMAS will be embedded in the mission and the clearance work contracted to a civilian demining organization.”[38]

It was subsequently confirmed that technical survey and clearance of these five areas was in progress and, as of 15 September 2016, one of the five locations, MF#30 in Yedidalda/Potamos tou Kampou village, had been surveyed and 994m² canceled in September.[39]

Work on the remaining areas was forecast to be completed by December 2016, subject to the time required to address mines/explosive remnants of war (ERW) in each site; weather conditions; and further task prioritization that may take place to address potential urgent requirements and ad hoc tasks during this period.[40] All sites will be technically surveyed to determine whether a mine threat exists before either releasing uncontaminated land or conducting clearance on areas confirmed as contaminated.[41]

Furthermore, UNMAS clearance assets, in support of UNFICYP and the Committee on Missing Persons, completed a survey task on 25 August 2016 in Beykeuy Beykoy, northern Cyprus. The teams undertook survey and ERW clearance to permit safe access for the work of the Committee on Missing Persons at the site, and canceled 3,100m².[42]

Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 Compliance 

Under Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty (and in accordance with a three-year extension granted by States Parties in December 2015), Cyprus is required to destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, but not later than 1 July 2019.

Cyprus cleared all antipersonnel mines in mined areas that it accepted were under its control within 10 years of becoming a State Party, namely by 1 July 2013. In then requested a three-year deadline extension until 1 July 2016 followed by another three-year extension until 1 July 2019, due to antipersonnel mine contamination remaining in territory occupied by the Turkish forces, which Cyprus was unable to clear.[43]

Turkey’s original Article 5 clearance deadline was 1 March 2014. In 2013, States Parties granted Turkey an eight-year extension until 1 March 2022, for clearance of mines in Turkey, but Turkey did not request additional time for clearance in the areas it controls in northern Cyprus.[44]

At the intersessional meetings in June 2015, Cyprus stated that “negotiations for a settlement of the Cyprus question have recently resumed and there are good reasons for being hopeful that this will in fact be the last extension request that Cyprus needs to submit.”[45]

The July 2016 report by the Secretary-General also noted that both the Greek Cypriot leader and the Turkish Cypriot leader have “continued to engage in settlement talks with dedication and perseverance,” and “underlined their commitment to intensify their efforts in the coming months with the aim of reaching a comprehensive settlement agreement within 2016.”[46]

The UN Security Council, most recently in July 2016, has called on both sides to facilitate clearance of all remaining mined areas on the island.[47] The council noted with regret “that the sides are withholding access to the remaining minefields in the buffer zone, and that demining in Cyprus must continue.” It also noted “the continued danger posed by mines in Cyprus,” referring to “proposals and discussions as well as positive initiatives on demining,” and urging “rapid agreement on facilitating the recommencement of demining operations and clearance of the remaining minefields.”[48] The council called on “both sides to allow access to deminers and to facilitate the removal of the remaining mines in Cyprus within the buffer zone,” and urged “both sides to extend demining operations outside the buffer zone.”[49]

The corresponding report of the UN Secretary-General stated: “With the acceleration of the talks, it is all the more important that the two sides engage and take concrete steps without further delay towards island-wide demining. Early clearance would also allow greater freedom of movement in the event of a settlement…” The Secretary-General stated that, “The case for clearing all minefields could not be more compelling” and urged “everyone to work towards a mine-free Cyprus.”[50]

Casualties

In September 2015, a farmer driving a tractor that detonated a landmine experienced shock, but did not incur serious physical injuries.[1] Prior to 2015, the last recorded mine or explosive remnants of war (ERW) casualty in Cyprus occurred in 2009 when a deminer was killed by an antivehicle mine in a clearance accident.[2]

Between 1999 and the end of 2015, the Monitor identified 10 mine/ERW casualties in Cyprus (two people were killed and eight injured).[3] Six casualties were civilians (four men, one woman, and one child) and the remaining four casualties were deminers. Among the civilian casualties, four were Iraqi migrants trying to cross the north-south border illegally, and two were farmers.[4]

Before 1999, at least four casualties were identified: three peacekeepers of the UN Force in Cyprus were killed by mines between 1974 and 1998, and a 37-year-old man was killed by a mine when he followed his dog into a minefield in the buffer zone in 1997.[5]