Summary: Signatory Cyprus has committed to ratifying the convention, but its parliament still has not approved draft ratification legislation introduced in 2011. Cyprus has participated in several meetings of the convention, most recently in September 2016. It however abstained from the vote on a key UN resolution on the convention in December 2016.

Cyprus states that it has never used or produced cluster munitions. It has not provided information on the quantities and types of its stockpiled cluster munitions, but in June 2017, Bulgaria reported that in 2014 it received 3,760 cluster munitions and 2,559 submunitions transferred from Cyprus for the purposes of stockpile destruction. The stocks have not been destroyed, as of July 2016.

Policy

The Republic of Cyprus signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 23 September 2009.

In October 2016, Cyprus made a statement explaining its decision to abstain from voting for a non-binding resolution by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) that calls on states outside the Convention on Cluster Munitions to “join as soon as possible.” Cyprus stated that “the ratification process is still ongoing due to considerations regarding the security situation on the island. We remain hopeful that these issues will be resolved which would then enable us to ratify the convention and vote in favor of this resolution in the future.”[1]

This statement repeats a previous one given by Cyprus one year earlier upon abstaining from the first non-binding UNGA resolution on the Convention on Cluster Munitions.[2]

Cyprus participated in one international conference of the Oslo Process to develop the convention text (Vienna in December 2007), but attended the formal negotiations of the convention in Dublin in May 2008 and the Convention on Cluster Munitions Signing Conference in Oslo in December 2008 only as an observer.

Cyprus subsequently signed the convention at the UN in New York in September 2009, becoming the 100^th signatory to the convention.

Since 2011, various government officials have communicated with the Monitor and the CMC about the ratification process.[3] In May 2015, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed the Monitor that the ratification process was still being considered by parliament, particularly “the fact that Turkey, whose occupation forces have been stationed illegally on Cyprus since 1974, has not yet joined the convention.”[4]

When the draft ratification legislation for the convention was introduced in the House of Representatives in 2011, Cyprus informed States Parties that it was expected to be approved in 2012.[5] But in April 2013, a government official informed the Monitor that ratification of the convention had “unfortunately…been put on hold” due to “other considerations” and expressed the government’s intent to ratify the convention in the future.[6] Cyprus participated in the convention’s Meetings of States Parties in 2011, 2012, and 2016, and attended intersessional meetings of the convention in Geneva in 2011–2013.

Cyprus has voted in favor of UNGA resolutions expressing outrage at the use of cluster munitions in Syria, most recently in December 2016.[7]

Cyprus is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty.

Cyprus is also a party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW), which it mentioned in the 2016 explanation of its vote abstaining from the UNGA resolution on the Convention on Cluster Munitions.[8]

Use, production, transfer, and stockpiling

Cyprus informed the Monitor in 2012 that it has never used, produced, or transferred cluster munitions.[9]

Stockpiling

Cyprus has not disclosed information on the size or status of its stockpile of cluster munitions or provided a voluntary Article 7 report with information on its stockpiled cluster munitions.

In June 2017, however, Bulgaria reported that it has 3,760 4.2-inch OF projectile for mortar GRM 20 and 2,559 M20G submunitions on its territory that were transferred from Cyprus in 2014 for the purposes of stockpile destruction.[10] According to Bulgaria the cluster munitions are held by the private company EXPAL Bulgaria, which it said “should apply for and obtain a permission for destruction of [the cluster munitions].”

It is not clear if Cyprus possess other stocks of cluster munitions. It has 122mm BM-21 Grad multiple launch rockets, but it is not known if these weapons have cluster munition warheads.[11] Cyprus acquired other systems capable of delivering submunitions, including Zuzana 155mm howitzers imported via Greece from Slovakia in 2007 and M63 Plamen and M77 Oganj multiple-barrel rocket launchers from Yugoslavia in the 1980s.[12]

Additionally, in 2010, a Ministry of Foreign Affairs official asserted that Turkish armed forces “have stocked considerable quantities of cluster bombs in the occupied territory of the Republic [of Cyprus].”[13]

Cyprus has not indicated if it intends to retain cluster munitions for research or training.

Contaminated by: antipersonnel and antivehicle mines (light contamination)

Article 5 deadline: 1 July 2019
(No change since extension granted)

The exact extent of the remaining mine contamination is not known, though 67 hazardous areas are suspected to be contaminated with mines and/or explosive remnants of war (ERW).

Contamination

Cyprus is contaminated by antipersonnel and antivehicle mines. The island has been divided geographically and politically by what was once a heavily mined, 180km-long Buffer Zone since 1974, following Turkish forces operations in the north of the island. Minefields were laid by both the Greek Cypriot National Guard and the Turkish Armed Forces. The exact extent of remaining mine contamination across the island is not known, and permission for UNFICYP (UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus) to access areas outside the Buffer Zone remains limited.[1]

UNFICYP data indicates that at the end of 2016, 67 suspected hazardous areas (SHAs) across Cyprus might be contaminated with mines and/or explosive remnants of war (ERW).[2] The type of contamination, however, was not disaggregated and UNFICYP did not report how many of the 67 SHAs are believed to contain antipersonnel mines. Of the total number of SHAs, 32 are located south of the Buffer Zone in territory controlled by the Republic of Cyprus (but are not believed to contain antipersonnel mines[3]); four are in the Buffer Zone; and 31 are north of the Buffer Zone in Turkish-controlled territory.[4] Survey of these areas is required to gain a more precise estimate of the scale of contamination, though UNFICYP has estimated that more than 7,000 antipersonnel and antivehicle mines currently remain across the island of Cyprus.[5]

Territory controlled by the Republic of Cyprus

Cyprus has reported that no antipersonnel mines remain in the minefields laid by the National Guard that are on territory under its effective control.[6]

Previously, a total of 20 mined areas containing 4,653 antipersonnel mines existed in areas under the effective control of Cyprus outside the Buffer Zone, which had been emplaced by the National Guard.[7] Between becoming a State Party on 1 July 2003 and its original Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline of 1 July 2013, Cyprus released all 20 mined areas under its effective control.[8]

Buffer Zone

Previously, 81 mined areas had been located within the Buffer Zone (13 of which contained mines laid by the National Guard) containing a total of 27,174 mines and extending over almost 11km².[9] In November 2013, Cyprus reported that no minefields under its control remained in the Buffer Zone, after its clearance of two mined areas in Dali in 2012 and a further mined area at Potamia by July 2013, in accordance with its National Plan.[10]

According to Cyprus, the sole remaining minefield in the Buffer Zone is located in a Turkish-controlled area, close to the village of Deryneia[11] (also spelt Derynia or Dherynia).

In July 2015, however, a report of the UN Secretary-General on the UN operation in Cyprus noted that “no progress was registered on the issue of access to the four known remaining minefields in the Buffer Zone, of which three are under the control of the National Guard and one is under the control of the Turkish forces, despite requests by UNFICYP.”[12] This was restated in subsequent reports of the Secretary-General, most recently in July 2017, in which it was reported that, “While the Turkish Cypriot side has indicated that it would accept the clearance of all four areas as a package, the Greek Cypriot side maintains the position that its three minefields are required to counter a perceived threat.”[13]

This raised concerns that mine contamination remains in the Republic of Cyprus-controlled areas of the Buffer Zone. In May 2016, in response to a request for clarification, a government diplomat in Geneva clarified that the Republic of Cyprus considers the three minefields to be under its control and not within the Buffer Zone. In addition, the official stated that the three minefields in question do not contain antipersonnel mines.[14]

The UN Security Council calls on “both sides to continue to engage, as a matter of urgency and while respecting UNFICYP’s mandate, in consultations with UNFICYP on the demarcation of the buffer zone, and on the United Nations 1989 aide-memoire, with a view to reaching early agreement on outstanding issues.”[15] According to UNMAS and UNFICYP, such demarcation would, in particular, help to resolve any ambiguity or lack of agreement between the sides and the UN about the precise location of the Buffer Zone.[16]

Turkish-controlled territory in northern Cyprus

The extent of mine contamination in areas controlled by Turkish forces is not known. However, Cyprus has claimed in its latest Article 7 transparency report (for 2016) that at least 20 minefields laid and maintained in the occupied areas by Turkish forces are yet to be cleared of antipersonnel mines, of which one is situated within the Buffer Zone.[17] According to the UN, some military mine clearance appears to have been conducted over most locations that are still recorded as minefields.[18]

During a meeting on 15 May 2015, the President of the Republic of Cyprus, Nicos Anastasiades, provided the northern Cyprus leader, President Mustafa Akinci, with coordinates of the 28 known minefields laid by the National Guard prior to Turkey’s military action in 1974.[19] These minefields, located north of Nicosia towards the Pentadaktylos mountain range, in what is today Turkish-occupied area, included 1,006 antipersonnel mines.[20]

On 4 June 2015, the northern Cyprus president asked
for assistance to address the 28 minefields on Turkish-controlled territory in the north. In response, and with a view to facilitating future demining, UNFICYP and UNMAS worked to refine the data and map the minefields, which are suspected to contain both antivehicle and antipersonnel mines.[21]

Survey of minefields in northern Cyprus, including the 28 referred to above, was conducted and completed in the summer of 2015 by UNMAS, supported by Turkish Engineering Forces, in conjunction with UNFICYP.[22] The survey resulted in three of the 28 areas being found to have a higher risk of mine contamination and to require technical survey, as well as an additional two suspected locations identified by the local community.[23]

In addition, there is a minefield just north of the Buffer Zone in Mammari, where heavy rains led to mines being washed into the Buffer Zone in 2014 and 2015. UNFICYP has raised the issue of clearance of this minefield with the Turkish forces and has offered assistance in this regard.[24] In May 2017, Turkish Cypriot security forces reaffirmed their intention to clear the minefield.[25]

Program Management

UN-supported mine action operations in Cyprus are coordinated by UNMAS, on behalf of UNFICYP.[26] In July 2016, UNMAS became an integral component of UNFICYP, providing its expertise in mine action planning and coordination, quality assurance oversight, and data management for mine action information, as well as demining capacity.[27]

UNMAS also provides assistance to the Committee on Missing Persons (CMP) to ensure safe access to areas where it conducts activities and to UNFICYP for explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) call-out tasks.[28]

Legislation and standards

All UN-supported mine action operations in Cyprus are conducted in accordance with International Mine Action Standards (IMAS).[29]

In 2016, to guide UN operations, UNMAS updated the national technical standards and guidelines that are used in UNFICYP to reflect current best practice and to ensure the highest standards are applied for UNFICYP clearance operations.[30]

Quality management

UNMAS is responsible for conducting quality assurance and quality control of all UN-supported mine action operations in Cyprus.[31]

Operators

In 2016, UN demining activities in Cyprus were conducted by UNMAS’s implementing partner, Mines Advisory Group (MAG).[32] MAG’s capacity included a multi-task team and a mechanical support team (mini-MineWolf).[33]

Previously, in 2015, clearance was conducted by a military demining team from the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) Troop Contributing Country (TCC), provided by the Cambodian Construction & Engineering Company (CAMBCOY), as part of UNFICYP’s inter-mission cooperation with UNIFIL.[34] In 2016, however, the UNIFIL CAMBCOY did not deploy to Cyprus and UNFICYP did not use a TCC for demining.[35]

Land Release

In the Buffer Zone, 20,000m² was reduced through technical survey in 2016.[36]

In Turkish-controlled territory in northern Cyprus, 6,772m² was released through clearance in 2016, and a further 26,757m² reduced through technical survey.[37]

Survey and clearance in the Buffer Zone in 2016

In September 2016, UNMAS, through its implementing partner MAG, reduced 20,000m² through technical survey near Deryneia in the Buffer Zone, to facilitate safe mobility for UNFICYP personnel.[38] No land was released through clearance in the Buffer Zone in 2016.[39]

This is a reduction compared to 2015, when 16,691m² of mined area was confirmed and cleared in the Buffer Zone, and a further 45,000m² reduced by technical survey.[40]

Survey and clearance in Turkish-controlled territory in northern Cyprus in 2016

In 2016, UNMAS, through its implementing partner MAG, undertook survey and clearance of two minefields in Yedidalga/Karavostasi and a third near Agios Haralambos/Agirdagi Kilisesi, northern Cyprus. These three minefields were identified during UNMAS surveys in 2015 (supported by Turkish Engineering Forces, in conjunction with UNFICYP), following the provision of information by the president of the Republic of Cyprus to the president of northern Cyprus, regarding 28 former National Guard minefields that were laid in 1974. Clearance of these minefields is significant as they are part of a package of confidence-building measures agreed in May 2015 in support of the peace process.[41]

During the 2016 survey and clearance operations, MAG confirmed 6,900m² as mined, across the three SHAs. A total of 6,772m² of mined areas was cleared through manual demining, during which seven antivehicle mines, but no antipersonnel mines, were destroyed. A further 26,757m² was reduced through technical survey.[42]

Progress in 2017

In July 2017, a report of the UN Secretary-General stated that “UNFICYP had completed demining operations on the last 2 of the 28 legacy minefields, the locations of which were provided to the Turkish Cypriot leader by the Greek Cypriot leader as part of a package of confidence-building measures announced in May 2015.”[43]

Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 Compliance

Under Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty and in accordance with a second three-year extension granted by States Parties
in December 2015, Cyprus is required to destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, but not later than 1 July 2019.

Cyprus has reported clearing all antipersonnel mines in mined areas that it accepted were under its control within 10 years of becoming a State Party, namely by 1 July 2013. A three-year extension to its Article 5 deadline until 1 July 2016 was requested and approved in 2012, due to antipersonnel mines remaining in territory occupied by the Turkish forces, which it was unable to clear.[44]

On 27 March 2015, Cyprus submitted a second Article 5 deadline extension request seeking a further three-year extension, until 1 July 2019. The reason cited for the second extension request was the same as the first, namely that Cyprus does not have effective control over remaining contaminated areas.[45] According to the website of the Permanent Mission of Cyprus in Geneva, “Once Turkey ceases the military occupation of Cyprus and returns control of the occupied areas under proper conditions to the authorities of the Republic, they [the Republic of Cyprus] will be able to assume full responsibility and compliance with the provisions of Article 5 for the entire sovereign territory of the Republic of Cyprus.”[46]

Turkey’s original Article 5 clearance deadline was 1 March 2014. In 2013, States Parties granted Turkey an eight-year extension until 1 March 2022, for clearance of mines in Turkey, but Turkey did not request additional time for clearance of the areas it controls in northern Cyprus.[47]

At the intersessional meetings in June 2015, Cyprus stated that “negotiations for a settlement of the Cyprus question have recently resumed and there are good reasons for being hopeful that this will in fact be the last extension request that Cyprus needs to submit.”[48]

The July 2016 report of the Secretary-General also noted that both the Greek Cypriot leader and the Turkish Cypriot leader have “continued to engage in settlement talks with dedication and perseverance,” and “underlined their commitment to intensify their efforts in the coming months with the aim of reaching a comprehensive settlement agreement within 2016.”[49]

The UN Security Council, most recently in January 2017, has called on both sides to facilitate clearance of all remaining mined areas on the island.[50] The Security Council noted with regret “that the sides are withholding access to the remaining minefields in the buffer zone, and that demining in Cyprus must continue.” It also noted “the continued danger posed by mines in Cyprus,” referring to “proposals and discussions as well as positive initiatives on demining,” and urging “rapid agreement on facilitating the recommencement of demining operations and clearance of the remaining minefields.”[51] The Security Council called on “both sides to allow access to deminers and to facilitate the removal of the remaining mines in Cyprus within the buffer zone,” and urged “both sides to extend demining operations outside the buffer zone.”[52]

A January 2017 report of the UN Secretary-General, observed that: “While the progress made towards the safety of Cypriots via the clearance of five minefields in the north is welcome, much more remains to be done. The lack of action on the clearance of the minefield adjacent to the ceasefire line near Mammari, for example, continues to pose unnecessary risks. Minefields on the island have little military utility, but pose a serious threat to life.”[53] As of July 2017, however, negotiations were still ongoing.[54]

According to a July 2017 report of the UN Secretary-General on the UN operation in Cyprus, “The Force [UNFICYP] engaged with the sides to identify priorities for the survey and clearance of minefields across the island in 2017 and 2018 and stands ready to support them, initially through a non-technical survey of the relevant areas. The Force has sought prompt agreement from the sides on initiating the survey, given the importance of demining as a safety measure and in achieving the ultimate goal of a mine-free Cyprus.”[55] 

The Monitor acknowledges the contributions of the Mine Action Review (www.mineactionreview.org), which has conducted the mine action research in 2017, including on survey and clearance, and shared all its resulting landmine and cluster munition reports with the Monitor. The Monitor is responsible for the findings presented online and in its print publications.

In 2016, no new casualties were reported in Cyprus.[1] In September 2015, a farmer driving a tractor that detonated a landmine experienced shock, but did not incur serious physical injuries.[2] Prior to 2015, the last recorded mine or explosive remnants of war (ERW) casualty in Cyprus occurred in 2009, when a deminer was killed by an antivehicle mine in a clearance accident.[3]

Between 1999 and the end of 2016, the Monitor identified 10 mine/ERW casualties in Cyprus (two people were killed and eight injured).[4] Six casualties were civilians (four men, one woman, and one child) and the remaining four casualties were deminers. Among the civilian casualties, four were Iraqi migrants trying to cross the north-south border illegally, and two were farmers.[5]

Before 1999, at least four casualties were identified: three peacekeepers of the UN Force in Cyprus were killed by mines between 1974 and 1998, and a 37-year-old man was killed by a mine when he followed his dog into a minefield in the buffer zone in 1997.[6]

Cyprus ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2011.