Burkina Faso
Impact
COUNTRY SUMMARY
New landmine contamination in Burkina Faso is the result of regional cross-border conflict in the Sahel region, particularly in the Liptako-Gourma region which borders Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger.[1] Contamination by improvised mines—or victim-activated improvised explosive devices (IEDs)—has been reported since 2018.[2] In November 2023, Burkina Faso stated that it would submit a request in 2024 to extend its Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 clearance deadline, in order to address new improvised mine contamination.[3]
Areas of Burkina Faso with the most incidents caused by IEDs and explosive remnants of war (ERW) from 2017–2021 were the Sahel and the Boucle du Mouhoun regions, northern areas bordering Mali, and the eastern region bordering Niger.[4] Central areas were also affected. The contamination has disrupted provision of humanitarian assistance, hindered safe movement of displaced populations, and restricted access to basic services and livelihoods.[5]
Risk education to address the IED threat in Burkina Faso has been conducted since 2020, in coordination with the National Commission for the Control of Arms (Commission Nationale de Contrôle des Armes, CNCA).[6]
There is no specific program in place to assist mine/ERW victims. The United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) provided training and equipment to increase the capacity of first-aid responders in 2022. The ICRC also supported hospitals to provide medical care and surgery in conflict-affected areas.[7]
ASSESSING THE IMPACT
Contamination
Landmine contamination
IEDs are reported to have been used in Burkina Faso since 2017, with most being command-detonated. Since 2018, improvised antivehicle mines have increasingly been used to evade the signal-scrambling technology employed by French forces to prevent command-activated IEDs detonating.[8] While the Burkina Faso Armed Forces and international security forces have been the primary targets, the number of civilian victims increased between 2019 and 2022.[9]
In 2021–2022, increased contamination by improvised mines was reported, including types with pressure-plate trigger mechanisms.[10]
When use was first reported in 2017, the areas with the most recorded IED and ERW incidents were relatively localized in five regions: Boucle du Mouhoun, Center-North, East, North, and Sahel. Yet the extent of contamination has since increased, with 10 regions impacted in 2022. The majority of incidents still occur in the Center-North, East, North, and Sahel regions.[11]
Improvised mines, IEDs, and ERW have disrupted the provision of humanitarian assistance, hindered the safe movement of displaced populations, and restricted access to basic services and livelihoods in Burkina Faso.[12] Some humanitarian organizations working in the country have established air bridges as an alternative means of access to affected regions.[13]
Other types of contamination
The extent of ERW contamination in Burkina Faso is unknown, though casualties due to ERW are reported annually.
Casualties
There is no centralized casualty data collection mechanism for improvised mines and ERW in Burkina Faso, and the total number of casualties for all time is not known.
UNMAS reported that from 2017 to 2022, a total of 783 people were killed or injured in IED and ERW incidents in Burkina Faso, with 98% resulting from IEDs (including both command-detonated devices and victim-activated improvised mines). This data was not disaggregated to indicate casualties of improvised mines specifically.[14]
Casualties recorded by the Monitor in Burkina Faso from 2019–2022 due to improvised mines and ERW are outlined in the following table.
5-year casualties total: 2018–2022[15]
Year |
Injured |
Killed |
Unknown |
Total |
2022 |
29 |
37 |
0 |
66 |
2021 |
21 |
23 |
0 |
44 |
2020 |
54 |
57 |
0 |
111 |
2019 |
23 |
33 |
0 |
56 |
2018 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Casualties in 2022[16]
Injured |
Killed |
Unknown |
Total |
Change from previous year |
29 |
37 |
0 |
66 |
Increase from 44 in 2021 |
Casualty demographics in 2022*
Adult |
Men |
Women |
Unknown |
42 |
9 |
25 |
8 |
Children |
Boys |
Girls |
Unknown |
11 |
0 |
3 |
8 |
*For 13 of the 66 casualties recorded in 2022, both the age and gender was not reported.
Casualties by civilian status in 2022
Civilian |
Military |
Deminer |
Unknown |
61 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
Casualties by device type in 2022
APM |
AVM |
Improvised mines |
Unspecified mine type |
CMR |
ERW |
Unknown |
0 |
0 |
61 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
Note: APM=antipersonnel mines; AVM=antivehicle mines; CMR=cluster munition remnants; ERW=explosive remnants of war.
The actual number of mine/ERW casualties in 2022 was likely higher than could be confirmed by the Monitor. More than 135 military IED casualties were reported in 2022, including many that were likely caused by improvised mines. UNMAS reported 456 IED casualties (203 killed and 253 injured) in 2022, up from 206 IED casualties (103 killed and 103 injured) in 2021. In the 2022 UNMAS data, a higher proportion of casualties were civilians compared to 2021.[17]
COORDINATION
Summary table[18]
Mine action |
|||
Main Coordination Body |
Coordination Mechanism |
Strategy/plan |
National Mine Action Standards |
CNCA
|
Mine Action Area of Responsibility |
Under development |
Under development |
Risk education |
|||
Main Coordination Body |
Coordination Mechanism |
Strategy/plan |
National Mine Action Standards |
CNCA |
Mine Action Area of Responsibility |
Under development |
Under development |
Victim assistance |
|||
Main Coordination Body |
Coordination Mechanism |
Strategy/plan |
National Mine Action Standards |
Mine Action Working Group |
Mine Action Working Group meetings |
None |
None
|
Note: CNCA=Commission Nationale de Contrôle des Armes (National Commission for the Control of Arms).
ADDRESSING THE IMPACT
Clearance
Highlights from 2022
From January–November 2022, UNMAS suspended its activities with the national authorities, including the CNCA, due to the sensitive political situation in Burkina Faso.[19]
In March 2023, the CNCA held a workshop to review and validate the National Counter-IED Strategy 2023–2027. The strategy covers clearance, risk education, and capacity development to address contamination by IEDs, including improvised mines.[20]
Management and coordination
Management and coordination overview
Burkina Faso’s national mine action program was established in 2019. In 2020, a Mine Action Working Group was formed. The CNCA was formed in March 2021, replacing the National Commission to Combat the Proliferation of Light Weapons (Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Prolifération des Armes Légères, CNLPAL) as the national mine action authority.[21] The CNCA coordinates mine action activities in Burkina Faso, with capacity-building support provided by UNMAS.[22]
The CNCA and UNMAS jointly coordinate the Mine Action Working Group, and mine action was included in the Humanitarian Response Plan for Burkina Faso in 2021 and 2022.[23]
UNMAS provided capacity-building assistance to law enforcement personnel in collaboration with the Ministry of Security, providing training on basic and advanced IED search and detect and first-aid. In 2021, the Ministry of Security and UNMAS developed a counter-IED training module.[24]
Legislation and standards
In 2022, four national mine action standards were in the process of being endorsed.[25] In 2021, an accreditation system for local and international mine action operators was established.[26]
Strategies and policies
UNMAS has supported the Ministry of Security on the development of a national mine action strategy, and works with authorities to integrate mine action into national frameworks.[27]
In 2022, UNMAS reported that the National Counter-IED Strategy, covering 2023–2027, was set to be approved in 2023.[28]
Information management
UNMAS maintains a database of IED incidents in Burkina Faso, and coordinates information management within the Mine Action Working Group.[29]
Clearance operators
Clearance operators in 2022 included the Burkina Faso Armed Forces, the national police, and the military police. UNMAS has provided capacity-building support since 2019, including by training instructors. In 2022, a total of 746 military and police personnel received training on IED search and detect, post-blast investigation, explosive ordnance disposal (EOD), and first-aid. Of the recipients, 36 were women.[30]
Land release: antipersonnel landmine
No data on clearance or ordnance destroyed was reported by Burkina Faso in 2018–2022.
Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 clearance deadline
From the entry into force of the Mine Ban Treaty through the end of Burkina Faso’s Article 5 clearance deadline in March 2009, the country was not mine affected.[31] However, in order to address new improvised mine contamination, which has been reported since 2018, Burkina Faso stated in November 2023 that it would submit an extension request by March 2024.[32]
Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 4 clearance deadline
Burkina Faso is a State Party to the Convention on Cluster Munitions. It has not reported any areas contaminated by cluster munition remnants on its territory.[33]
Risk education
Management and coordination
Management and coordination overview
Risk education is discussed in monthly Mine Action Working Group meetings, chaired by the CNCA and UNMAS.[34]
UNMAS held a workshop in March 2020 on risk education messaging and materials, aiming to harmonize approaches among operators.[35] Burkina Faso’s first risk education campaign on IEDs—including improvised mines—was launched in 2020 by UNMAS, the Danish Refugee Council, and Committed to Good.[36]
Legislation and standards
A technical note on risk education was produced in 2020.[37] UNMAS reported working with the CNCA to develop a national risk education standard in line with International Mine Action Standard (IMAS) 12.10 on Risk Education.[38] It was pending approval as of the end of 2022.[39]
The CNCA and UNMAS have developed an accreditation system for risk education operators, and five national non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were accredited in 2021.[40]
Strategies and policies
Risk education is included within the National Counter-IED Strategy 2023–2027.[41]
Information management
Data on risk education beneficiaries is collected through the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA).[42]
Risk education operators
There were five accredited risk education operators in Burkina Faso in 2022.
Humanity & Inclusion (HI) implemented direct risk education, in schools and communities in the Sahel region.[43] UNMAS reported to have conducted a risk education campaign, supervised by the CNCA and implemented by a local NGO, in the East and Sahel regions.
Three other local operators covered Boucle du Mouhoun. Operators did not conduct activities in the North and Center-North regions during 2022, although they were among the areas most impacted by IEDs and improvised mines.[44]
Beneficiary data
In 2022, HI reported reaching a total of 14,880 beneficiaries (41% men and 59% women). HI also trained 17 volunteers to provide risk education in their communities.[45]
Other operators did not report disaggregated data. UNMAS reached 32,320 beneficiaries, and trained 326 people to provide risk education in 2022, including NGO staff.[46]
Target groups
Due to IED use in Burkina Faso being relatively recent, residents of affected areas were often unaware of the risk, signs of potential contamination, and safe behaviors. This was particularly the case for women travelling with children, either on foot or by cart. It was also reported that civilians might adopt negative coping strategies or behaviors that placed them at risk, such as trying to defuse or displace explosive ordnance.[47]
Road and vehicle users were at risk, representing the most casualties during 2019–2022. Local and host communities were at risk in areas of conflict, while refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) were at risk due to movement to unfamiliar areas or upon their return home.[48]
Shepherds and transhumant pastoralists were also targeted, due to their mobility and potential exposure to mine/ERW contamination during livelihood activities. As with IDPs, these groups were difficult for operators to reach due to the unpredictability of their movements, including in areas affected by insecurity that could not be easily accessed.[49]
Children in Burkina Faso were at risk due to picking up and playing with explosive ordnance. Incidents in 2020–2022 reflected a lack of knowledge of safe behavior among children.[50]
Delivery methods
Risk education consisted of face-to-face sessions, the distribution of printed materials, and the provision of safety messages through TV and radio broadcasts. Messages covered improvised mines (including booby-traps), as well as vehicle-borne and command-detonated IEDs.[51]
Victim assistance
Management and coordination
Management and coordination overview
There was no mine/ERW victim assistance program in Burkina Faso. The establishment of a referral system and provision of services for victims has been reported as a priority for mine action stakeholders since 2020, but no major developments were reported in 2022.[52]
The Ministry of Health oversaw physical rehabilitation services, and coordinated with service providers to implement the National Program for Capacity Strengthening in Physical Care and Rehabilitation.[53]
Strategies and policies
There is no specific strategy in place to assist mine/ERW victims in Burkina Faso.
Legal frameworks or policies on disability inclusion
The Ministry of Women, National Solidarity, Family, and Humanitarian Action is responsible for social protection and disability policies, including implementing the National Action Plan for the Protection and Promotion of Persons with Disabilities (2021–2023), and the National Strategy for the Protection and Promotion of Persons with Disabilities (2021–2025).[54]
Law No. 12 (2010) on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities requires the provision of affordable or free healthcare, education, and employment for persons with disabilities.[55] Yet these provisions are often not enforced, and mine/ERW survivors had limited access to education, healthcare services, public buildings, and transportation.[56]
Victim assistance providers
HI provided physical rehabilitation, psychosocial assistance, and socio-economic inclusion in the Center, Center-East, North, and Sahel regions.[57] The National Referral Center for Physical Care and Rehabilitation opened in Ouagadougou in May 2021, with a capacity of 150 patients daily. This new center has increased the quality and availability of rehabilitation services, and reduced dependence on the National Orthopedic Center.[58]
The ICRC continued to support the Burkinabé Red Cross and healthcare provision in conflict-affected areas.[59]
Medical care and rehabilitation
HI provided support to the National Orthopedic Center, and six private physical rehabilitation centers in Garango, Koupéla, Ouargaye, Tenkodogo, and Zabré.[60] These centers are all in the Center-East and East regions of Burkina Faso.
The ICRC supported hospitals and healthcare centers in conflict-affected areas, covering the costs of treatment for those most in need. Burkinabé Red Cross volunteers were trained and equipped with first-aid kits by the ICRC.[61]
UNMAS also provided training and equipment to 437 first-aid responders in 2022.[62]
Socio-economic and psychosocial inclusion
HI supported inclusive education and vocational training, in partnership with the Ministry of Education.[63] HI also provided mental health and psychosocial support services in the Center-North, North, and Sahel regions.[64]
[1] Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières, MSF), “Conflict in Burkina Faso: ‘Many people are afraid to sleep at night’,” 11 June 2021; and ACAPS, “Burkina Faso,” undated.
[2] “In Sahel, French troops hunt jihadist landmines,” Middle East Online, 4 December 2019.
[3] Statement of Burkina Faso, Mine Ban Treaty Twenty-First Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 20 November 2023.
[4] United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), “Humanitarian Response Plan: Burkina Faso 2022,” 4 March 2022, p. 134; UNOCHA, “Humanitarian Response Plan: Burkina Faso 2021,” 29 April 2021, p. 113; and United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) and Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED), “Map of IED/ERW incidents registered since January 2017 to 25 February 2021: Burkina Faso,” undated.
[5] UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Needs Overview 2021,” 10 May 2021, p. 88.
[6] International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), “Annual Report 2021,” 27 July 2022, p. 39; UNMAS, “Annual Report 2020,” April 2021, p. 35; and UNMAS, “Annual Report 2022,” April 2023, pp. 41–42.
[7] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2022,” April 2023, p. 40; and ICRC, “Annual Report 2022,” 29 June 2023, pp. 80 and 82.
[8] “In Sahel, French troops hunt jihadist landmines,” Middle East Online, 4 December 2019.
[9] UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Needs Overview 2022,” 9 March 2022, p. 103; and UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Needs Overview 2021,” 10 May 2021, p. 88.
[10] UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2023,” 31 March 2023, pp. 96–97’ UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Needs Overview 2022,” 9 March 2022, p. 103; and UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Needs Overview 2021,” 10 May 2021, p. 88.
[11] UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2023,” 31 March 2023, p. 97; UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2022,” 4 March 2022, p. 134; UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2021,” 29 April 2021, p. 113; UNMAS and ACLED, “Map of IED/ERW incidents registered since January 2017 to 25 February 2021: Burkina Faso,” undated; and Protection Cluster, “Burkina Faso: Protection Analysis,” 23 August 2022, p. 8.
[12] UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2023,” 31 March 2023, p. 97; and UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2022,” 4 March 2022, pp. 103 and 134.
[13] United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), “Assistance in mine action: Report of the Secretary-General,” A/78/259, 31 July 2023, p. 2.
[14] UNMAS, “Where We Work: Burkina Faso,” updated January 2022; and Protection Cluster, “Burkina Faso: Protection Analysis, 23 August 2022, p. 8.
[15] Monitor media monitoring and analysis of ACLED data for calendar years 2018–2022.
[16] Monitor media monitoring and analysis of ACLED data for calendar year 2022.
[17] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2022,” April 2023, p. 39; and UNMAS, “Annual Report 2021,” April 2022, p. 39.
[18] “IEDs in Burkina Faso: Towards the validation of a Counter-IED National Strategy,” Le Faso, 28 March 2023; Government of Burkina Faso, “National Commission for the Control of Arms: Colonel-Major Fatogoma Anselme Sanou installed in his position as Permanent Secretary,” 11 May 2021; Government of Burkina Faso, “Report of the Council of Ministers of 24 March 2021,” 1 April 2021; UNMAS, “Where We Work: Burkina Faso,” updated January 2022; Mine Action Area of Responsibility meeting, held virtually, 2 September 2021; and UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2022,” 4 March 2022, p. 39.
[19] Two military coups occurred in Burkina Faso in 2022, in January and September. See, UNMAS, “Annual Report 2022,” April 2023, p. 39.
[20] “IEDs in Burkina Faso: Towards the validation of a Counter-IED National Strategy,” Le Faso, 28 March 2023.
[21] Three decrees on 24 March 2021 created the CNCA, replacing CNLPAL as well as the High Authority to Control the Importation of Arms and their Use (Haute Autorité du Contrôle de l’Importation des Armes et de leur Utilisation, HACIAU). Government of Burkina Faso, “Report of the Council of Ministers of 24 March 2021,” 1 April 2021; and Mine Action Area of Responsibility meeting, held virtually, 2 September 2021.
[22] UNMAS, “Where We Work: Burkina Faso,” updated January 2022.
[23] UNMAS, “Where We Work: Burkina Faso,” updated January 2022; UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2022,” 4 March 2022, p. 39; and UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2021,” 29 April 2021, p. 114.
[24] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Philippe Renard, Programme Manager, UNMAS, 26 February 2021; and UNMAS, “Annual Report 2021,” April 2022, p. 39.
[25] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2022,” April 2023, p. 40; and UNGA, “Assistance in mine action: Report of the Secretary-General,” A/78/259, 31 July 2023, p. 10.
[26] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2021,” April 2022, p. 39; and Mine Action Area of Responsibility meeting, held virtually, 2 September 2021.
[27] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2021,” April 2022, p. 29.
[28] “IEDs in Burkina Faso: Towards the validation of a Counter-IED National Strategy,” Le Faso, 28 March 2023; UNMAS, “Annual Report 2022,” April 2023, p. 40; and UNGA, “Assistance in mine action: Report of the Secretary-General,” A/78/259, 31 July 2023, p. 11.
[29] UNMAS, “Where We Work: Burkina Faso,” updated January 2022; and UNMAS and ACLED, “Map of IED/ERW incidents registered since January 2017 to 25 February 2021: Burkina Faso,” undated.
[30] UNMAS, “Where We Work: Burkina Faso,” updated January 2022; UNMAS, “Annual Report 2022,” April 2023, p. 40; and UNGA, “Assistance in mine action: Report of the Secretary-General,” A/78/259, 31 July 2023, p. 16.
[31] Burkina Faso Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Reports (for calendar years 2000–2015). See, Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Database; and interview with Capt. Blaise Kiema, Ministry of Defense, and Piabié Firmin N’Do, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Geneva, 29 January 2002.
[32] Statement of Burkina Faso, Mine Ban Treaty Twenty-First Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 20 November 2023.
[33] Burkina Faso Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar years 2011–2012). See, Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Database.
[34] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Philippe Renard, Programme Manager, UNMAS, 26 February 2021.
[35] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Philippe Renard, Programme Manager, UNMAS, 8 May 2020 and 26 February 2021.
[36] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Philippe Renard, Programme Manager, UNMAS, 8 May 2020 and 26 February 2021; UNMAS, “Where We Work: Burkina Faso,” updated January 2022; and Committed to Good, “Where We Work: Western and Central Africa: Burkina Faso,” undated.
[37] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Philippe Renard, Programme Manager, UNMAS, 8 May 2020.
[38] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Philippe Renard, Programme Manager, UNMAS, 8 May 2020 and 26 February 2021.
[39] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2022,” April 2023, p. 40.
[40] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2021,” April 2022, p. 39.
[41] “IEDs in Burkina Faso: Towards the validation of a Counter-IED National Strategy,” Le Faso, 28 March 2023
[42] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Philippe Renard, Programme Manager, UNMAS, 26 February 2021.
[43] HI, “Country Card: Burkina Faso 2022,” updated September 2022, p. 7; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Julie Bouvier, Armed Violence Reduction Specialist, HI, 21 July 2023.
[44] Protection Cluster, “Burkina Faso: Protection Analysis,” 23 August 2022, p. 10.
[45] HI, “Country Card: Burkina Faso 2022,” updated September 2022, p. 7; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Julie Bouvier, Armed Violence Reduction Specialist, HI, 21 July 2023.
[46] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2022,” April 2023, pp. 41–42.
[47] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2021,” April 2022, p. 39; UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Needs Overview 2021,” 10 May 2021, p. 88; and “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2023,” 31 March 2023, p. 98.
[48] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Philippe Renard, Programme Manager, UNMAS, 26 February 2021; and by Julie Bouvier, Armed Violence Reduction Specialist, HI, 21 July 2023.
[49] UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2022,” 4 March 2022, p. 134; and UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2021,” 29 April 2021, p. 113; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Julie Bouvier, Armed Violence Reduction Specialist, HI, 21 July 2023.
[50] Monitor media monitoring and analysis of ACLED data for calendar years 2020–2022.
[51] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Philippe Renard, Programme Manager, UNMAS, 26 February 2021; and by Julie Bouvier, Armed Violence Reduction Specialist, 21 July 2023.
[52] UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2023,” 31 March 2023, p. 81; UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2022,” 4 March 2022, p. 135; and UNOCHA, “Burkina Faso: Humanitarian Response Plan 2021,” 29 April 2021, p. 114.
[53] HI, “Country Card: Burkina Faso 2022,” updated September 2022, p. 6; Ministry of Health, “Physical Care and Rehabilitation,” 24 June 2021; Bridging the Gap, “Burkina Faso technically validates its National Strategy on Disability,” February 2020; Bridging the Gap, “Burkina Faso’s National Strategy and Action Plan for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ready for final approval,” December 2020.
[54] HI, “Country Card: Burkina Faso 2022,” updated September 2022, p. 6; Ministry of Health, “Physical Care and Rehabilitation,” 24 June 2021; Bridging the Gap, “Burkina Faso technically validates its National Strategy on Disability,” February 2020; Bridging the Gap, “Burkina Faso’s National Strategy and Action Plan for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ready for final approval,” December 2020; and Abdoul Latif, “Ordinary session of the National Multi-sectorial Council on Disability: 13 billion of CFA franc needed to implement the national strategy,” Faso Actu, 9 December 2021.
[55] Burkina Faso, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) Initial Report, “Initial report Submitted by Burkina Faso under article 35 of the Convention, due in 2011,” 30 November 2018, pp. 7–8; and United States (US) Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, “2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burkina Faso,” March 2023.
[56] Burkina Faso, CRPD Initial Report, “Initial report Submitted by Burkina Faso under article 35 of the Convention, due in 2011,” 30 November 2018, pp. 7–8; US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, “2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burkina Faso,” March 2023; and Burkinabè Federation of Associations for the Promotion of Disabled People (Fédération Burkinabè des Associations pour la promotion des personnes Handicapées, FEBAH), National Network of Disabled Persons’ Organizations (Réseau National des Organisations de Personnes Handicapées, ReNOH), National Union of Associations of Disabled Women of Burkina (Union Nationale des Associations de Femmes Handicapées du Burkina, UNAFEHB), Light of the World Burkina, Burkinabè Movement for Human and Peoples’ Rights (Mouvement Burkinabè des Droits de l’Homme et des Peuples, MBDHP), and HI Burkina Faso, “Alternative report of the coalition of civil society organizations on the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities,” May 2019, pp. 14–16.
[57] HI, “Country Card: Burkina Faso 2022,” updated September 2022, pp. 5–7.
[58] Sanata Gansagne, “Burkina Faso: the National Referral Center in physical care and rehabilitation was inaugurated,” Burkina 24, 15 June 2021.
[59] ICRC, “Annual Report 2022,” 29 June 2023, pp. 81–82.
[60] HI, “Country Card: Burkina Faso 2022,” updated September 2022, p. 6.
[61] ICRC, “Annual Report 2022,” 29 June 2023, p. 82.
[62] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2022,” April 2023, pp. 41–42.
[63] HI, “Country Card: Burkina Faso,” updated September 2021, p. 7; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Philippe Allard, Director of Programs, HI Sahel, 11 May 2020, p. 7.
[64] HI, “Country Card: Burkina Faso 2022,” updated September 2022, pp. 5–7; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Philippe Allard, Director of Programs, HI Sahel, 11 May 2020, p. 7.