Country Summary

Lebanon remains contaminated with cluster munitions, landmines, and explosive remnants of war (ERW) from the 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War; Israeli invasions of southern Lebanon in 1978, 1982, and 2006; and the laying of mines on the Blue Line from 1984–2000. Contamination also exists along the northeast border with Syria, due to the Syrian Civil War.[1]

As of the end of 2022, Lebanon reported 16.91km2 of land contaminated with antipersonnel mines and 5.23km2 contaminated by cluster munition remnants.[2]

Lebanon is a State Party to the Convention on Cluster Munitions. Lebanon is committed to meet its Article 4 clearance deadline of 1 May 2026, although an additional year may be required due to a drop in dedicated funding.[3] Lebanon is not party to the Mine Ban Treaty, but plans to complete the clearance of mine contaminated areas by 2030.[4]

The Lebanon Mine Action Center (LMAC) as well as national and international operators engaged in risk education activities during the reporting period.[5] Men and boys are considered most at risk, due to their participation in activities such as scrap metal collection and firewood gathering.[6]

Survivors of mine/ERW incidents in Lebanon have access to healthcare and rehabilitation, as well as socio-economic inclusion and psychosocial support services. However, Lebanon’s ongoing and worsening financial crisis continued to have a negative effect on funding for victim assistance, and has reduced employment opportunities for persons with disabilities.[7] 

Assessing the Impact

Contamination

Extent of contamination[8]

Note: ERW=explosive remnants of war; CHA=confirmed hazardous area; SHA=suspected hazardous area; N/R=not reported.

Landmine contamination

Landmines affect both northern and southern Lebanon, though the majority of contamination is in the south. The minefields in the north and Mount Lebanon are typically “militia” minefields, where mines were randomly laid by multiple actors during the civil war and minefield records and maps do not exist. The minefields in the south are typically conventional minefields, laid in a pattern and with the location of mines identified on minefield maps.[9] Minefields along the Blue Line in southern Lebanon, which marks the border with Israel, stretch for 120km.[10] 

Since 2017, new areas have been mined along Lebanon’s northeast border, resulting from the conflict in Syria.[11] Lebanon has reported that the main threat in this area is posed by improvised explosive devices (IEDs), including improvised mines.[12] 

As of the end of 2022, Lebanon reported 16.91km² of landmine contamination, all classified as confirmed hazardous area (CHA). This includes 15,518m² of newly discovered antipersonnel mine contamination and 25,725m² of newly discovered improvised mine contamination.[13]

Much of Lebanon’s mine contamination affects valuable agriculture landin rural areas, crucial for livelihood activities.[14] Contamination resulting from the Syrian Civil War has created additional risks for Syrian refugees who transit or inhabit Lebanon’s northeast border region.[15]

Cluster munition remnants contamination

Cluster munition remnants contamination in Lebanon largely results from the conflict with Israel from July–August 2006, when Israel fired an estimated four million submunitions into southern Lebanon. Around 90% of these were dispersed in the last 72 hours of the conflict.[16] Approximately one million of the submunitions failed to explode on impact.[17] 

In addition, cluster munition remnants contamination remains from earlier conflicts with Israel, in 1978 and 1982.[18] Types of submunitions found in Lebanon include M42, M43, M46, M77, M85, MK118, MZD-2, BLU26, BLU61, and BLU63 ad AO 2.5 RT.[19] 

In 2022, LMAC reported new hazardous areas totaling 442,600m², contributing to an overall total of 5.23km² of cluster munition remnants contamination. Lebanon’s cluster munition contaminated land is classified as CHA and covers three areas: Bekaa, Mount Lebanon, and southern Lebanon.[20] 

In 2022, during the migration of LMAC data to Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) Core, the locations of some villages (which had previously been registered in the wrong provinces) were corrected. This altered the distribution of contamination by province,  resulting in 36 new cluster munition contaminated sites being registered, with 29 of these new sites located in northeast Lebanon where contamination was first discovered in 2017.[21] Cluster munition remnants primarily contaminate rural areas of Lebanon, where communities depend on using agricultural land to generate income.[22] Many contaminated areas are inhabited by Syrian refugees.[23]

Other type of contamination

After survey conducted in 2022, a total of 135,072m2 of land was newly classified as contaminated by ERW, including improvised mines. The total area contaminated by ERW as of the end of 2022 was reported to be 4.54km2, down from 5.88km2 reported at the end of 2021 due to land release.[24]

Casualties

The Monitor has recorded a total of 3,876 mine/ERW casualties in Lebanon from 1975–2022. Of this total, 929 people were killed and 2,947 were injured.[25]

5 year total: 2018–2022[26]

Casualties in 2022[27]

Casualty demographics in 2022[28]

Casualties by civilian status in 2022[29]

Casualties by device type in 2022[30]

Note: APM=antipersonnel mine; AVM=antivehicle mine; CMR=cluster munition remnants;  ERW=explosive remnants of war 

In 2022, a total of 19 casualties were recorded in Lebanon. Twelve were caused by antipersonnel mines, five by cluster munition remnants, one by ERW, and one by an antivehicle mine. Fourteen of the casualties in 2022 were men and five were boys. Most casualties resulted from the collection of wood, agricultural work, the grazing of animals, and children playing with explosive items.[31]

Seven of the casualties in 2022 were Syrian nationals. Three Syrian boys were injured in a single accident in April 2022, while playing with ERW.[32] The five child casualties recorded in Lebanon during 2022 marked a decrease from 2021, when 11 child casualties were recorded.[33]

The 2022 casualty total was lower than the 23 recorded in 2021, but still significantly higher than the nine recorded in 2020.[34] Annual mine/ERW casualties in Lebanon have declined significantly since 113 casualties were recorded in 2000, except for a noticeable spike between August and December 2006 after shelling and cluster munition attacks on southern Lebanon by Israel.[35] 

Cluster munition casualties

At least 763 casualties caused by cluster munition remnants were recorded in Lebanon for all time through December 2022. Limited data is available on casualties directly caused by cluster munition strikes, with 16 (three killed and 13 injured) such casualties recorded.[36]

Five casualties from cluster munition remnants were recorded in Lebanon in 2022, including four Syrians. Eight such casualties were recorded in 2021. This marked a notable increase from 2020, when for the first time since 2006 no casualties due to cluster munition remnants were recorded in Lebanon. Five cluster munition remnant casualties were reported in each year from 2017–2019. 

Coordination

     Summary table[37]

Addressing the Impact

Clearance

Highlights from 2022

Following the land release in 2021 of all known contaminated areas in North Lebanon governorate, Humanity & Inclusion (HI) relocated its operational teams to Mount Lebanon, to assist two teams from DanChurchAid (DCA). In northeast Lebanon, Mines Advisory Group (MAG) continued to make steady progress toward completion of land release. The main focus nationally was to conduct technical survey wherever feasible, despite funding constraints.[38]

Technical survey improved in Lebanon in 2022 based on the recommendations of a study funded by the Netherlands with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) support. This led to an increase in annual land release through the more efficient use of resources.[39]

Management and coordination

The Lebanon Mine Action Authority (LMAA) operates under the Ministry of National Defense, and is chaired by the Minister of National Defense. LMAA has overall responsibility for Lebanon’s mine action program. It is also part of the Lebanese Armed Forces, and is headquartered in Beirut. LMAC has specific responsibility for mine clearance, risk education, and victim assistance.[40]

The Regional Mine Action Center-Nabatiyeh (RMAC-N) was formed in 2007. It oversees demining operations in southern Lebanon, Chouf, and West Bekaa.[41] 

UNDP personnel are seconded to LMAC and RMAC-N, and provide capacity-building support on transparency reporting, IMSMA database entry, community liaison, and quality assurance.[42]

For 10 years up until 2019, the European Union (EU) funded the UNDP to support LMAC, aiming to increase its capacity to sustainably manage the mine action sector. This assistance enabled the opening of the Regional School for Humanitarian Demining in Lebanon (RSHDL) in 2018.[43]

The Mine Action Program Strategy 2020–2025 was developed by LMAC with UNDP support and input from national stakeholders, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), United Nations (UN) agencies, and donors. This strategy has improved coordination and will guide future LMAC plans.

UNDP has also carried out assessments to boost LMAC’s capabilities, covering reporting and data entry, staff communication, management, and operational efficiency. UNDP has also conducted a socio-economic assessment to evaluate the long-term economic benefits of mine action.

LMAC holds quarterly Technical Working Group and biannual country coalition meetings via the Mine Action Forum. These meetings are held to discuss progress and challenges toward meeting Lebanon’s Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 4 obligations, and to propose actions for the coming six months.[44]

The Arab Regional Cooperation Program (ARCP), supported by the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD), supports national mine action authorities across the Middle East and North Africa region. This includes technical assistance and training, the coordination and hosting of exchange visits, the promotion of best practices and documentation of lessons learned, and mobilization of funding.[45] 

The RSHDL, which is based in Hammana and became operational in 2017, was established as a result of cooperation with France.[46] It provides regional courses and workshops on demining.[47] In 2022, the RSHDL held 15 courses and one workshop, with five of its courses funded by the EU.[48]

Legislation and standards

There is no national mine action law in Lebanon.[49] Lebanon has a comprehensive set of national mine action standards in place, which it reviewed in 2020.[50] LMAC planned to conduct a further review of national standards in 2023 to ensure ongoing compliance with the International Mine Action Standards (IMAS).[51]

Strategies and policies

Lebanon has a strategic mine action plan for 2020–2025.[52] The plan, developed with support from the UNDP, has an overall vision of  “A Lebanon free from the negative impact caused by explosive ordnance.” The five key objectives within the plan are advocacy; fundraising; capacity-building; the acceleration of land release; and gender, diversity, and inclusion.[53]

An implementation strategy for the 2020–2025 plan was developed in 2021. A draft exit strategy was also developed after GICHD provided training to LMAC on long-term risk management.[54] In 2023, LMAC planned to conduct a mid-term review of the implementation strategy.[55]

Information management

In 2022, LMAC completed data migration from IMSMA Next Generation to IMSMA Core, which is now in use for all activities. Field data is collected using ArcGIS Survey123 field application.[56]

LMAC—in cooperation with GICHD—organized a regional IMSMA Core workshop in 2022 with the assistance of the ARCP. A total of 24 representatives from nine countries benefitted from this opportunity for dialogue, exchanging experiences and lessons learned.[57]

Gender and diversity

The Lebanon Mine Action Program Strategy 2020–2025 includes an objective focusing on gender and diversity, to ensure inclusion.[58] In 2019, GICHD conducted a gender and diversity assessment of the mine action sector. In 2021, LMAC and GICHD jointly organized two workshops to develop a gender and diversity code of conduct, along with a reporting and complaint mechanism.[59]

This code of conduct was drafted by LMAC during 2022. It provides a framework for cooperation, coordination, and transparency between LMAC and its partners, while also promoting gender and diversity inclusion in all aspects of mine action.[60] It is to be adhered to by all stakeholders.

Around 11% of LMAC staff are women. LMAC intends to further increase the number of women employees.[61]

Clearance operators

Four international NGOs—DCA, HI, MAG, and Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA)—were active as clearance operators in Lebanon in 2022, along with the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL).[62] At a national level, the Engineering Regiment of the Lebanese Armed Forces and one national NGO, Peace Generation, are accredited as clearance operators.[63]

Land release: antipersonnel landmine

2022 land release overview: landmine[64]

Note: APM=antipersonnel mines.

On the Syrian border in northern Lebanon, operations commenced in April 2021 to mark, survey, and clear hazardous areas.[65] 

In 2022, Lebanon released a total of 605,360m² of mine contaminated land, of which 216,405m² was cleared, 102,529m² was reduced, and 286,426m² was cancelled.[66] The total land released was lower than the 682,463m2 of mine contaminated land released during 2021.[67] This reflects a 22% reduction in funding for mine clearance in Lebanon in 2022 compared to the previous year.[68]

In 2022, LMAC reported that in areas where technical survey was undertaken, an average of 48.3% of mine contaminated land was reduced, up slightly from 47% in 2021.[69]

Five-year landmine clearance: 2018–2022[70]

Note: APM=antipersonnel mines; N/R=not reported.

The amount of land released in 2021 and 2022 increased compared to the rate between 2018 and 2020.[71] In December 2021, after survey and clearance undertaken by HI, LMAC was able to declare North governorate as the first governate in Lebanon to be free from explosive ordnance.[72]

Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 

Lebanon is not party to the Mine Ban Treaty but has stated that “LMAC works in spirit of the treaty.”[73] Clearance of mine contaminated areas was originally expected to be completed by the end of 2020 in accordance with Lebanon’s 2011–2020 national strategy on mine action. However, meeting that target was contingent on the deployment of an increased number of demining teams.[74]

In 2022,Lebanon stated that it will not complete landmine clearance by 2025.[75] Although there is no deadline, LMAC is planning to complete clearance of mine contaminated areas by 2030.[76]

Land release: cluster munition remnants

2022 land release overview: CMR[77]

Note: CMR=cluster munition remnants.

In 2022, Lebanon reported the release of 1.47km² of cluster munition contaminated land. Of this total, 1.15km² was cleared, 0.21km² was cancelled through non-technical survey, and 0.11km² was reduced through technical survey.[78] Clearance decreased slightly from 1.24km² in 2021.[79] A total of 2,556 cluster munition remnants were destroyed during clearance tasks in Lebanon in 2022.[80]

LMAC reported that in areas where technical survey was undertaken in 2022, an average of 52.5% of cluster munition contaminated land was reduced, up from 34% in 2021.[81]

LMAC plans to undertake further technical survey to speed up task completion; and to restrict the destruction of cluster munition remnants to one day per week, as opposed to daily, to free up more time for survey and clearance activities.[82] Furthermore, re-survey is to be conducted to confirm or amend the status of each contaminated site on a three-year cycle, to identify changes in priorities, and to ensure that adequate fencing and marking is in place.[83]

The remaining tasks are on the least accessible and toughest terrain, such as steep slopes and dense vegetation, posing a challenge for clearance and the safety of deminers.[84] LMAC is undertaking a joint study with GICHD to ensure that “all reasonable effort” is applied to enable this clearance on difficult terrain.[85] The study is planned to be completed during 2023, with new standard operating procedures to be developed.[86]

Five-year cluster munition remnant clearance[87]

Note: CMR=cluster munition remnants.

Lebanon aimed to release 1.9km² of cluster munition remnants contaminated land annually in the first three years of its Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 4 extension period (2021–2023) and 1.53km² annually in the remaining years (2024–2025).[88]

To implement the plan, US$6.6 million of external funding was required annually, along with $3 million from the government of Lebanon for the first three years.[89] Yet this funding target has not been achieved.[90] This lack of adequate funding has had a direct impact on the number of clearance teams and meant that land release in 2021–2022 was below target.

LMAC, and operators, have tried to compensate for the decrease in the number of clearance teams in Lebanon by improving the efficiency of operations.[91]

From 2018–2022, Lebanon cleared a total of 5.83km², reduced 0.51km2, and cancelled 2.51km2 of land contaminated by cluster munition remnants. This accounts for an average of 1.7km2 of cluster munition contaminated land released per year over the five-year period.

Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 4 clearance deadline

Summary of Article 4 clearance deadline extension request(s)

Lebanon became a State Party to the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 1 May 2011 and had an initial obligation to clear and destroy all cluster munition remnants by 1 May 2021.[92] In December 2019, Lebanon submitted an Article 4 extension request for an additional five years. The request was granted on 30 April 2021, setting a new clearance deadline of 1 May 2026.[93]

In 2022, Lebanon reported that it remained on target to meet its Article 4 deadline of 1 May 2026, but noted that based on the drop in dedicated funding for clearance of cluster munition remnants and the consequent decrease in annual land release, an extra year might be required.[94]

Land release: other ordnance

In the course of all land release activities during 2022, Lebanon also destroyed 11,678 ERW, 404 antivehicle landmines, and one IED which was found in the northeast.[95]

Clearance of border areas

Since 2017, new areas have been mined along Lebanon’s northeast border, resulting from the conflict in Syria.[96] Lebanon has reported that the main threat in this area is posed by IEDs, including improvised mines.[97]

Residual hazards

Senior LMAC staff have received training from GICHD on residual contamination management.[98]

Risk education

Highlights from 2022

In 2022, LMAC executed an awareness campaign in North governorate, which was declared mine-free in 2021, with the aim of encouraging landowners to invest in their lands. The campaign was held in 56 villages, reaching 2,587 direct beneficiaries. It was held with UNDP support and funding from the Netherlands. The campaign reinforced a new awareness message in Lebanon for areas declared free from the impact of mines: “Your land is safe, use it productively and be vigilant.”[99]

LMAC delivers an annual risk education campaign through events across the country, to mark the international day for mine awareness and assistance in mine action. During 2022, 86 events were organized over ten days, reaching a total of 4,540 direct beneficiaries.[100] In addition, LMAC and implementing agencies published a short risk education video on social media platforms.[101]

LMAC organized a regional risk education workshop in 2022, with support from GICHD, ARCP, and the National Committee of Demining and Rehabilitation (NCDR) of Jordan. A total of 29 risk education practitioners from 11 countries participated in the workshop.[102]

Management and coordination

LMAC is responsible for the management and coordination of risk education activities in Lebanon through the National Mine Risk Education Steering Committee. It consists of the chair of LMAC’s Mine Risk Education Department, representatives from the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Social Affairs, and representatives of international and national NGOs.[103]

Risk education operators

At the national level, LMAC conducts risk education activities. It coordinates with the Ministry of Education on risk education sessions in schools and for teachers, and with the Ministry of Tourism on campaigns for the tourism sector. LMAC coordinates with the Ministry of Communications on risk education campaigns using mass media.[104]

In 2022, LMAC and the university of Balamand, with support from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), implemented risk education activities at the national level.[105] Of the international operators, HI, MAG, and UNICEF reported risk education activities for 2022. The United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) provided external support on risk education.[106]

Beneficiary data

Risk education beneficiary data in 2022[107]

LMAC reported that its five risk education teams provided 516 direct sessions during 2022. LMAC reported that across all the activities it carried out, a total of 20,692 beneficiaries were reached in 2022. Data was collected according to the Standard Beneficiary Guidelines.[108]

Target groups

LMAC collects victim data, which is used to prioritize risk education in Lebanon.[109] Priorities are set by LMAC according to three main impact criteria: population size; the number of incidents and casualties; and the extent of contamination in the area.[110] Risk education is planned at the beginning of each year and targets the most at-risk groups. LMAC reported that men and boys were primarily targeted as they were the group viewed to be most at risk. Men and boys are susceptible to hazards due to their regular engagement in activities such as the collection of scrap metal and firewood, as well as herb gathering. These activities often cause them to enter hazardous areas.[111]

Syrian refugees in Lebanon remained a high-priority group for risk education in 2022, as they are often unfamiliar with contamination. Some of the refugee camps and settlements in Lebanon are in close proximity to hazardous areas.[112] MAG reported to have targeted scrap metal collectors in 2022, as such activities increased due to the worsening national economic crisis.[113] HI followed a seasonal approach, providing risk education to households, students, and Syrians refugees during winter, and to stone workers and farmers in summer.[114]

Delivery methods

Risk education is conducted in both urban and rural areas, with sessions provided in refugee camps and settlements, and in host communities.[115] In 2022, risk education was also conducted to build confidence in areas where land had been cleared but people were still hesitating to use it.[116]

Risk education sessions are organized at the community level, in partnership with scouts and other local groups. Games and sports, combined with risk education messages, were held for youths and children. LMAC has trained scout and youth leaders and focal points from the Ministry of Tourism to deliver risk education.[117]

Risk education messages and materials addressed the threat from landmines (including improvised mines), cluster munition remnants, and ERW. New materials had been developed in 2020 to better reflect contamination types, and in 2022 to address community needs, LMAC disseminated school bags and notebooks.[118] LMAC also used virtual reality to convey risk education messages.[119]

LMAC runs a hotline which communities can call to report ordnance. The hotline number is shared with local communities via SMS text messaging as part of the national risk education campaign.[120] Since 2019, LMAC has used social media, including Facebook and Twitter, to reach more people with risk education messages at reduced cost.[121]

HI and MAG delivered risk education as standalone activity in 2022 in communities and schools; as an emergency response; and combined with survey, clearance, and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) spot tasks. MAG also worked with community focal points, volunteers, and committees. HI and MAG used printed materials and games, while MAG also held risk education puppet shows and increased its use of social media and short videos to convey safety messages.[122]

Victim assistance

Highlights from 2022 

After a rise in international funding in 2021 for victim assistance in Lebanon, international funding declined in 2022. This was compounded by a further decline in national funding due to the ongoing economic crisis. Yet LMAC maintained support for all areas of victim assistance, with an increase in support for physical rehabilitation and economic inclusion.[123]

Management and coordination

LMAC is responsible for the management and coordination of victim assistance activities through the National Steering Committee on Victim Assistance. It consists of the chair of LMAC’s Mine Victim Assistance Department, representatives from the Ministry of Social Affairs and Ministry of Public Health, and representatives of international and national victim assistance operators.[124]

Legal frameworks or policies on disability inclusion

In 2022, the Ministry of Public Health launched the Long-Term Primary Healthcare Subsidization Protocol, which funds some interventions but excludes rehabilitation services.[125] In March 2023, the Ministry of Social Affairs, in partnership with the EU, UNICEF, and the International Labour Organization (ILO), launched a National Disability Allowance, to provide direct income support to persons with disabilities in Lebanon. Youths aged 18–28 are to be prioritized, while all persons with disabilities will ultimately be eligible to receive the monthly allowance of US$40.[126]

Lebanon signed the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in June 2007. In March 2022, Lebanon’s parliament adopted a law authorizing the government to proceed with the ratification of the convention and its optional protocol.[127] Following this ratification, Lebanon will need to harmonize national legislation, including Law No. 220 (2000) covering the basic rights of persons with disabilities, to comply with the CRPD.[128]

Law No. 220 (2000), on the “Access and Rights of People with Disability,” addresses the rights of persons with disabilities in Lebanon to access education, rehabilitation, employment, healthcare, sports, and public transportation. Lebanese citizens with a disability can register for a disability card.[129] Yet the legislation has not been fully implemented. Most public schools are inaccessible to persons with disabilities, while public services and spaces remain difficult to access.[130] LMAC advocates for full implementation and updating of the law, but reported no progress in 2022.[131]

The National Steering Committee on Victim Assistance holds regular meetings with implementing partners, including representatives of civil society and victims.[132]

LMAC collects mine/ERW victim assistance data using IMSMA Core,disaggregated by age, sex, and cause of injury.[133]

Victim assistance providers

LMAC reported that 12 operators are members of the National Steering Committee on Victim Assistance.[134] Operators at the national level include the National Rehabilitation and Development Center (NRDC), the Vision Association for Development, Rehabilitation, and Care (VADRC), the Tamkeen Association for Independent Living (TAIL), and the Lebanese Welfare Association for the Handicapped (LWAH). These operators provide prosthetics and assistive devices.[135]

Needs assessment

A national victim survey was undertaken in 2020, enabling the prioritization of victims for monthly governmental financial support and rehabilitation.[136] This was the first national needs assessment in Lebanon since 2013.[137] ITF Enhancing Human Security completed a needs assessment in 2021, and provided beneficiaries with medical, psychosocial, and income-generation support.[138]

LMAC’s victim database contained a total of 2,386 victims as of the end of 2022, with 540 victims classified as having an urgent need for assistance.[139] In 2022, an additional 22 victims were added to the database.[140] LMAC reported that 15 mine/ERW victims received support during 2022.[141]

LMAC, with  UNDP support, conducted a needs assessment of eight mine/ERW survivors in 2022, with some receiving new prosthetic devices.[142]

Medical care and rehabilitation

Emergency healthcare and medical treatment is provided to survivors free of charge.[143] However, the healthcare system in Lebanon is weak. Political turbulence, economic problems, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have combined to place further strain on the health system, and limit its budget. The conflict in Syria has led to an influx of refugees, which now make up around one-third of Lebanon’s population, stretching healthcare services.[144]

Rehabilitation services in Lebanon are scarce, and remain primarily available only in cities, while rural areas lack access.The Ministry of Public Health provides rehabilitation in a few hospitals for inpatients. At the local level, most services are provided by private actors or NGOs. Occupational therapy, assistive technology adjustment, and psychosocial support are often not available.[145]

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) supported 29 hospitals in Lebanon in 2022, seven of which had ICRC staffing or monitoring. It also supported seven physical rehabilitation projects. An additional 12 clinics received ICRC support, including medical supplies, training, and income support.[146] In 2022, four ICRC-supported physical rehabilitation centers provided assistive devices and rehabilitative care, reaching a total of 1,293 persons with disabilities.[147]

During 2022, through a project supported by ITF Enhancing Human Security and the University of Balamand, LMAC facilitated the provision of new prosthetics, orthotics, and assistive devices to mine/ERW victims.[148] LMAC also distributed medicine for landmine survivors.[149]

Socio-economic and psychosocial inclusion

In 2022, LMAC, supported by ITF Enhancing Human Security, facilitated psychological support for 16 mine/ERW victims, and provided a beekeeping training program for victims.[150] LMAC also distributed stationary for victims’ children during 2022.[151]

The ICRC provided mental health support and referred survivors to social integration initiatives.[152] ICRC also supported the formation of Lebanon’s first national wheelchair basketball team.[153]

[1] Lebanon Mine Action Center (LMAC), “About LMAC: Contamination in Lebanon,” undated.

[2] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[3] Ibid.; Convention on Cluster Munitions, “Country Profile: Lebanon,” updated 17 April 2023; and Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form F, p. 17. See,Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Database.

[4] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[5] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Ali Makki, Risk Education Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023; and by Habbouba Aoun, Landmine Resource Center, University of Balamand, 9 June 2020. There are also eight national community-based organizations that integrate risk education into other humanitarian activities, including mine/ERW victim assistance and food assistance.

[6] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Ali Makki, Explosive Ordnance Risk Education (EORE) Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[7] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Pierre Faddoul, Victim Assistance Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023; and United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), “Increasing Humanitarian Needs in Lebanon: April 2022,” 24 April 2022, p. 13.

[8] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[9] Interview with Brig.-Gen. Elie Nassif and Brig.-Gen. Hassan Fakih, Operations Section, LMAC, Beirut, 11 April 2016.

[10] Mines Advisory Group (MAG), “Where we work: Lebanon,” undated.

[11]Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 4 deadline Extension Request (revised), 25 February 2020, p. 6.

[12] Ibid.; and email from Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 2 June 2021.

[13] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[14] Emails from Brig.-Gen. Elie Nassif, LMAC, 12 May 2015; from Jacqui Brownhill, Desk Office, MAG, 1 May 2015; and from Catherine Smith, Deputy Desk Officer, Humanity & Inclusion (HI), 20 March 2015.

[15] United States (US) Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement (PM/WRA), “To Walk the Earth in Safety: January–December 2019,” 2 April 2020, p. 43; and US Department of State, PM/WRA, “To Walk the Earth in Safety: October 2021–September 2022,” 2023, p. 42.

[16] Landmine Action, “Foreseeable Harm: the use and impact of cluster munitions in Lebanon: 2006,” October 2006.

[17] Email from Brig.-Gen. Ziad Nasr, Director, LMAC, 27 April 2018.

[18] Landmine Action, “Foreseeable Harm: the use and impact of cluster munitions in Lebanon: 2006,” October 2006; interview with Brig.-Gen. Elie Nassif and Brig.-Gen. Hassan Fakih, Operations Section, LMAC, Beirut, 11 April 2016; and Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2016), Form F.

[19] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form F, p. 13.

[20] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023; and Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form F, p. 15.

[21] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form F, p. 15.

[22] Email from Brig.-Gen. Ziad Nasr, Director, LMAC, 27 April 2018.

[23] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), Form I; andstatement of Lebanon, Convention on Cluster Munitions Seventh Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 4–6 September 2017.

[24] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 23 February 2022 and 8 May 2023; and LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 14.

[25] ICBL-CMC, “Country Profile: Lebanon: Impact,” updated 15 November 2021; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Pierre Faddoul, Victim Assistance Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[26] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Pierre Faddoul, Victim Assistance Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023; by Col. Mansour Shtay, Victim Assistance Section Head, LMAC, 27 February 2021 and 21 February 2022; and by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 9 April 2020; Monitor analysis of Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) data for 2021; and Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2018), Form H, p. 25.

[27] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Pierre Faddoul, Victim Assistance Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[28] Ibid.

[29] Ibid.

[30] Ibid.

[31] Ibid.

[32] Ibid.

[33] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Mansour Shtay, Victim Assistance Section Head, LMAC, 21 February 2022.

[34] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Mansour Shtay, Victim Assistance Section Head, LMAC, 27 February 2021 and 21 February 2022; and Monitor analysis of ACLED data for calendar year 2021.

[35] From August–December 2006, a total of 209 casualties were recorded. Presentation of Lebanon, Convention on Cluster Munitions intersessional meetings, side event, Geneva, 28 June 2011.

[36] Prior to July 2006, 338 casualties occurred, while 369 casualties occurred between August 2006 and December 2011. In addition to these 707 casualties, 56 cluster munition remnants casualties occurred between 2012 and 2022. It was not clear if the casualties during use were included in this total. See, HI,Circle of Impact: The Fatal Footprint of Cluster Munitions on People and Communities (Brussels: HI, May 2007), p. 121; Patrick Galey, “Living without a leg,” Bikya Masr, 14 November 2009; email from Col. Rolly Fares, LMAC, 30 March 2012; and Monitor analysis of casualty data from 2012–2017.

[37] LMAC, “Departments,” undated; LMAC, “LMAC Strategy 2020–2025,” undated;statement of Lebanon, Convention on Cluster Munitions intersessional meetings, Geneva, 15–16 May 2022; Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form G, p. 19; LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated; Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2018), Form H, p. 26; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Ali Makki, Risk Education Section Head, LMAC, 21 February 2022.

[38] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 10.

[39] Ibid., p. 13.

[40] LMAC,“About LMAC,” undated; LMAC, “Departments,” undated; LMAC, “Mid-term Review to Strategy 2011–2020, Milestone 2013,” August 2014, pp. 4–5; LMAC, “LMAC Annual Report 2012,” March 2013; and UNDP, “Mine Action in Lebanon: A Review of the Lebanon Mine Action Programme and UNDP Support to mine action in Lebanon, Final Report,” September 2011, p. 9.

[41] LMAC, “Departments,” undated; LMAC, “Lebanon Mine Action Strategy 2011–2020,” September 2011, p. 4.

[42] LMAC, “Lebanon Mine Action Strategy: Second Milestone Review 2014–2016,” March 2018; and LMAC, “Mine Action Forum: Action Points: 1st Quarter Progress Report,” March 2018.

[43] UNDP, “Addressing the humanitarian and development impact posed by mines, cluster munitions and explosive remnants of war,” undated.

[44]Statement of Lebanon, Convention on Cluster Munitions intersessional meetings, Geneva, 15–16 May 2022.

[45] LMAC, “Lebanon Mine Action Strategy: Second Milestone Review 2014–2016,” March 2018; and GICHD, “Arab Regional Cooperation Programme (ARCP),” undated.

[46] LMAC, “Lebanon Mine Action Strategy: Second Milestone Review 2014–2016,” March 2018; and RSHDL “Home,” undated.

[47] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), Form I; statement of Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Seventh Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 4–6 September 2017; RSHDL, “About us,” undated; and RSHDL, “Training courses,” undated.

[48] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 16.

[49] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[50] Ibid., 15 February 2021.

[51] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 38.

[52] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 9 April 2020; and LMAC, “Lebanon Mine Action Program Strategy 2020–2025,” undated.

[53] LMAC, “Annual Report 2019,” undated, p. 9.

[54] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 15 February 2021, 15 February 2022, and 8 May 2023; and Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2020), p. 16.

[55] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 38.

[56] Ibid., pp. 31–32; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[57] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 30.

[58] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 9 April 2020 and 8 May 2023; and LMAC, “Lebanon Mine Action Program Strategy 2020–2025,” undated.

[59] LMAC, “Annual Report 2021,” undated, pp. 51–52; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 15 February 2022.

[60] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 34.

[61] LMAC, “Annual Report 2020,” undated, p. 37.

[62] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 10.

[63] Ibid., pp. 12 and 16.

[64] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[65] LMAC, “Annual Report 2021,” undated, p. 37.

[66] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[67] Ibid., 15 February 2022.

[68] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), p. 16.

[69] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 13; and LMAC, “Annual Report 2021,” undated, p. 17.

[70] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 23 February 2022 and 8 May 2023; LMAC, “Annual Report 2018,” undated, p. 9; LMAC, “Annual Report 2019,” undated, p. 11; LMAC, “Annual Report 2020,” undated, p. 9; and ICBL-CMC, “Country Profile: Lebanon: Impact,” updated 15 November 2021.

[71] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 10.

[72] US Department of State, PM/WRA, “To Walk the Earth in Safety: January–December 2021,” April 2022, p. 40; and LMAC, “Annual Report 2021,” undated, pp. 6 and 10.

[73] LMAC, “Annual Report 2017,” Foreword, undated.

[74] LMAC, “Lebanon Mine Action Strategy 2011–2020,” September 2011, pp. 16–17.

[75] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 15 February 2022.

[76] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[77] Ibid.

[78] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form F, p. 14.

[79] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 23 February 2022.

[80] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 12.

[81] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 13; and LMAC, “Annual Report 2021,” undated, p. 17.

[82] Email from Southern Craib, Operations Manager, NPA Lebanon, 29 March 2022; and LMAC, “Annual Report 2021,” undated, pp. 32–33.

[83]Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 4 deadline Extension Request (revised), 25 February 2020, p. 3; Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form F, p. 15; and LMAC, “Annual Report 2021,” undated, p. 17.

[84]Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 4 deadline Extension Request (revised), 25 February 2020, p. 4.

[85] Ibid., pp. 40–42.

[86] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form F, p. 17.

[87] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 23 Feb 2022 and 8 May 2023.

[88]Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 4 deadline Extension Request (revised), 25 February 2020, p. 43.

[89] Ibid., p. 17; and Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2020), Form F, p. 16.

[90] In 2021, dedicated annual funding for cluster munition remnants clearance dropped by $1.52 million, down from the $6.9 million received in 2020. Additionally, there has been no further national funding since 50 billion Lebanese pounds were allocated for cluster munition clearance in 2017 by the government. See, LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 37; and Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form F, p. 16.

[91] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated pp. 4–5 and 7.

[92] Convention on Cluster Munitions, “Country Profile: Lebanon,” updated 17 April 2023.

[93] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2021), Form F, p. 17; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[94] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form F, p. 17; and response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[95] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 12.

[96]Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 4 deadline Extension Request (revised), 25 February 2020, p. 6.

[97] Ibid.; and email from Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 2 June 2021.

[98] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Fadi Wazen, Operations Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[99] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 21.

[100] Ibid., p. 22; and Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form G, p. 19.

[101] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form G, p. 19.

[102] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 30.

[103] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Ali Makki, Risk Education Section Head, LMAC, 21 February 2022; andLebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 4 deadline Extension Request (revised), 25 February 2020, p. 48.

[104] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Habbouba Aoun, Landmine Resource Center, University of Balamand, 9 June 2020.

[105] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Ali Makki, Risk Education Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023; and by Habbouba Aoun, Landmine Resource Center, University of Balamand, 9 June 2020; and LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 23. There are also eight national community-based organizations in Lebanon that integrate risk education into other humanitarian activities, including mine/ERW victim assistance and food assistance.

[106] Ibid.

[107] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form G, p. 19; LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 23; and responses to Monitor questionnaire by Roger Eid, Chief of Operations, HI Lebanon, 3 June 2023; and by Ali Shuaib, Community Liaison Manager, MAG, 3 July 2023.

[108] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Ali Makki, Risk Education Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2022; LMAC, “Annual Report 2021,” undated, p. 27; and Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form G, p. 19.

[109] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Habbouba Aoun, Landmine Resource Center, University of Balamand, 9 June 2020.

[110] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Maj. Ali Makki, Risk Education Section Head, LMAC, 9 April 2020; andLebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 4 deadline Extension Request (revised), 25 February 2020, p. 43.

[111] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Lt.-Col. Ali Makki, Risk Education Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[112] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Maj. Ali Makki, Risk Education Section Head, LMAC, 9 April 2020; and Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form G, p. 19.

[113] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Ali Shuaib, Community Liaison Manager, MAG, 3 July 2023.

[114] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Roger Eid, Chief of Operations, HI Lebanon, 3 June 2023.

[115] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Habbouba Aoun, Landmine Resource Center, University of Balamand, 9 June 2020.

[116]  LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 21.

[117] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Habbouba Aoun, Landmine Resource Center, University of Balamand, 9 June 2020.

[118] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form G, p. 19.

[119] Ibid.

[120]Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 4 deadline Extension Request (revised), 25 February 2020.

[121] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Maj. Ali Makki, Risk Education Section Head, LMAC, 9 April 2020; Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2020), Form G, p. 19; and Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2021), Form G, p. 22.

[122] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Ali Shuaib, Community Liaison Manager, MAG, 3 July 2023; and by Roger Eid, Chief of Operations, HI Lebanon, 3 June 2023.

[123] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Pierre Faddoul, Victim Assistance Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[124]Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 4 deadline Extension Request (revised), 25 February 2020, p. 55.

[125] HI, “Factsheet: Physical and Functional Rehabilitation in Lebanon,” September 2022.

[126] UNICEF press release, “The Ministry of Social Affairs introduces a social protection programme for people with disabilities in Lebanon,” 26 April 2023.

[127] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form H, p. 22; HI, “Forgotten and invisible: The impact of Lebanon’s crises on persons with disabilities,” November 2022, p. 2; and HI, “Physical and Functional Rehabilitation in Lebanon,” September 2022, p. 2.

[128] HI, “Forgotten and invisible, The impact of Lebanon’s crises on persons with disabilities,” November 2022; and HI, “Physical and Functional Rehabilitation in Lebanon,” September 2022, p. 2.

[129] Maysa Baroud and Ola Mouheildine, “Healthcare Needs and Barriers of Persons with Disabilities: An Exploratory Study among Syrian Refugees, Palestine Refugees from Syria, and Lebanese,” Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs, American University of Beirut, September 2018, p. 11; and HI, “Forgotten and invisible: The impact of Lebanon’s crises on persons with disabilities,” November 2022, p. 2.

[130] US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, “2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Lebanon,” 12 April 2022, p. 43; Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2018), Form H, p. 26; US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, “2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Lebanon,” 13 March 2019, pp. 34–35; and UNOCHA, “Increasing Humanitarian Needs in Lebanon,” 14 April 2022, p. 16.

[131] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Pierre Faddoul, Victim Assistance Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[132] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form H, p. 23.

[133] Ibid., p. 20.

[134] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Pierre Faddoul, Victim Assistance Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[135] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Habbouba Aoun, Landmine Resource Center, University of Balamand, 19 February 2019.

[136] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Mansour Shtay, Victim Assistance Section Head, LMAC, 27 February 2021; and Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2020), Form H, p. 23.

[137] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Brig.-Gen. Ziad Nasr, Director, LMAC, 28 February 2019.

[138] ITF Enhancing Human Security, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 129.

[139] LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 18.

[140] Ibid.

[141] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Pierre Faddoul, Victim Assistance Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[142]  LMAC, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 20.

[143] Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), Form H. p. 31.

[144] Ministry of Public Health, “Lebanon National Health Strategy: Vision 2030,” undated; and HI, “Forgotten and invisible: The impact of Lebanon’s crises on persons with disabilities,” November 2022.

[145] HI, “Physical and Functional Rehabilitation in Lebanon,” September 2022.

[146] ICRC, “Annual Report 2022,” 29 June 2023, pp. 441–442.

[147] Ibid.

[148] ITF Enhancing Human Security, “Annual Report 2022,” undated, p. 129.; and Lebanon Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form H, p. 24.

[149] Response to Monitor questionnaire by Col. Pierre Faddoul, Victim Assistance Section Head, LMAC, 8 May 2023.

[150] Ibid.

[151] Ibid.

[152] ICRC, “Annual Report 2022,” 29 June 2023, p. 442.

[153] ICRC, “Annual Report 2019,” 29 June 2020, p. 476; and ICRC, “Annual Report 2020,” 1 July 2021, p. 493.