Liechtenstein
Cluster Munition Ban Policy
Five-Year Review: State Party Liechtenstein ratified the convention on 4 March 2013 after amending legislation to implement the convention’s provisions. It has not attended any of the convention’s Meetings of States Parties. Liechtenstein provided its initial transparency report for the convention in March 2014 and has confirmed it has never used, produced, transferred, or stockpiled cluster munitions.
Policy
The Principality of Liechtenstein signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 3 December 2008, ratified on 4 March 2013, and the convention entered into force for the country on 1 September 2013.
Liechtenstein has reported that its Customs Union Treaty with Switzerland governs implementation of the convention’s provisions.[1] It also lists an amendment to the Law on Brokering in War Material, which took effect on 1 September 2013.[2] Liechtenstein has stated that its domestic legislation “goes beyond” what is required by the convention and prohibits the “funding of cluster munitions, both directly and indirectly.”[3]
Liechtenstein submitted its initial Article 7 transparency report for the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 20 March 2014 and provided its first annual updated report on 28 April 2015, indicating no change.[4]
Liechtenstein participated in the Oslo Process that created the convention.[5]
It has not attended any meetings of the Convention on Cluster Munitions since a conference on cluster munition stockpile destruction in Berlin in June 2009. Liechtenstein has voted in favor of recent UNGA resolutions condemning the use of cluster munitions in Syria, including Resolution 69/189 on 18 December 2014, which expressed “outrage” at the continued use.[6]
Liechtenstein has not elaborated its views on a number of interpretive matters relating to the convention, such as the transit of cluster munitions across, or foreign stockpiling of cluster munitions on the national territory of States Parties. It has not made an explicit statement explaining its views on the prohibition on assistance with acts prohibited under the convention, but under the Swiss legislation applicable in Liechtenstein, “assistance or encouraging” is a violation of the Convention on Cluster Munition’s core prohibitions.[7]
The amendment to Liechtenstein’s Law on Brokering in War Material expressly prohibits “brokering and direct, as well as indirect, financing of cluster munitions.”[8]
Liechtenstein is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty. It is also party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons.
Use, production, transfer, and stockpiling
Liechtenstein has stated that it has never used, produced, transferred, or stockpiled cluster munitions.[9] It has reported that there are no production facilities, stockpiled cluster munitions, or any areas contaminated by cluster munitions in the country.[10]
[1] The Swiss national implementation law for the Convention on Cluster Munitions includes penal sanctions for violations of the convention of up to 10 years imprisonment and/or a fine for intentional violations and up to one year imprisonment and/or a fine for negligence. It applies to both explosive bomblets and cluster munitions. Under the Swiss legislation applicable in Liechtenstein, “assistance or encouraging” is a violation of the Convention on Cluster Munition’s core prohibitions. Under Article 7(a) of Liechtenstein’s amended Law on Brokering in War Material, it is prohibited: (a) to “broker” cluster munitions or to have them under one’s command/control, (b) to tempt someone to act against the clause/provision (“letter”) (a), and (c) to promote an action according to clause/provision (“letter”) (a). See Article 7 Report, Form A, 20 March 2014; and letter from Christine Stehrenberger, Office for Foreign Affairs to Mary Wareham, Human Rights Watch (HRW), 28 May 2013.
[2] The Liechtenstein Law on Brokering in War Material was published in the Liechtenstein Law Gazette No. 197 of 2013 (in German only).
[3] Statement of Liechtenstein, UNGA First Committee on Disarmament and International Security, New York, 11 October 2013.
[4] No time period was indicated for the “initial report” while the second is for calendar year 2014.
[5] For details on Liechtenstein’s cluster munition policy and practice through early 2009, see Human Rights Watch and Landmine Action, Banning Cluster Munitions: Government Policy and Practice (Ottawa: Mines Action Canada, May 2009), p. 109.
[6] “Situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic,” UNGA Resolution A/RES/69/189, 18 December 2014. Liechtenstein voted in favor of similar resolutions on 15 May and 18 December 2013.
[7] Letter from Christine Stehrenberger, Office for Foreign Affairs to Mary Wareham, HRW, 28 May 2013.
[8] According to Liechtenstein’s initial Article 7 report, under the law’s Article 7b “the following acts are considered as direct financing: the direct the direct extension of credits, loans and donations or comparable financial benefits to cover the costs of or to promote the development, manufacturing or the acquisition of prohibited war material.” Liechtenstein goes on to state that, “Article 7c defines indirect financing as the participation in companies that develop, manufacture or acquire forbidden war material as well as the purchase of bonds or other investment products issued by such companies. According to article 29b violations of article 7b or 7c shall be punished with imprisonment up to 5 years.” Article 7 Report, Form A, 20 March 2014; and Liechtenstein Law on Brokering in War Material, Liechtenstein Law Gazette No. 197, 2013.
[9] Letter from Amb. Norbert Frick, Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein to the UN in Geneva, 7 April 2010; and email from Esther Schindler, Office for Foreign Affairs, 26 May 2011.
[10] Liechtenstein stated “N/A” for not applicable on the relevant forms and stated “There are no cluster munitions contaminated areas in Liechtenstein.” Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Forms B, C, D, E, and F, 20 March 2014.
Mine Ban Policy
Policy
Liechtenstein signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997 and ratified it on 5 October 1999, becoming a State Party on 1 April 2000. National implementation legislation was passed by Parliament on 9 September 1999.[1]
Liechtenstein occasionally attended Meetings of States Parties, most recently the Thirteenth Meeting of States Parties in 2013. It did not attend the Third Review Conference in Maputo in June 2014. Liechtenstein submits annual Article 7 transparency reports.
Liechtenstein is party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) and its Amended Protocol II on landmines and Protocol V on explosive remnants of war. Liechtenstein is also party to the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
Liechtenstein has never possessed, produced, transferred, or used antipersonnel mines.
[1] Ordinance on the Indirect Transfer of War Material, LGBL 1999 No.185, prohibits activities enabling the production, buying, selling or transfer of war material, including antipersonnel mines. Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form A, 18 September 2000 (reporting period not stated). The Swiss Federal Law on War Material of 13 December 1996, which includes penal sanctions, is also applicable in Liechtenstein, due to the Custom Union Treaty.
Support for Mine Action
In 2022, Liechtenstein contributed CHF175,000 (US$183,000) in mine action funding through the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS).[1]
As has been the case annually since 2014, two contributions were provided by Liechtenstein to the ICRC for victim assistance and risk education activities. In 2022, funding to the ICRC represented 86% of Lichtenstein’s total contribution. The rest of its contribution was allocated to clearance activities implemented by the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS).
Contributions by recipient: 2022[2]
|
Recipient |
Sector |
Amount (CHF) |
Amount (US$) |
|
ICRC |
Risk education, victim assistance |
100,000 |
104,712 |
|
ICRC MoveAbility |
Victim assistance |
50,000 |
52,356 |
|
UNMAS |
Clearance |
25,000 |
26,178 |
|
Total |
- |
175,000 |
183,246 |
Five-year support to mine action
From 2018–2022, Liechtenstein’s contribution to mine action totaled CHF915,000 ($956,873). Since 2019, Liechtenstein has provided a constant annual contribution of CHF175,000 to mine action, though the amount has varied in United States (US) dollar terms due to fluctuations in the exchange rate.
During the previous five-year period from 2013–2017, Liechtenstein provided a slightly higher level of funding, totaling CHF1 million ($1.1 million) over the five years.
Summary of contributions: 2018–2022[3]
|
Year |
Amount (CHF) |
Amount (US$) |
% change from previous year (US$) |
|
2022 |
175,000 |
183,246 |
-4 |
|
2021 |
175,000 |
191,382 |
+3 |
|
2020 |
175,000 |
186,389 |
+6 |
|
2019 |
175,000 |
176,109 |
-20 |
|
2018 |
215,000 |
219,747 |
+1 |
|
Total |
915,000 |
956,873 |
N/A |
Note: N/A=not applicable.
[1] Average exchange rate for 2022: CHF0.9550=US$1. United States (US) Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 9 January 2023.
[2] Liechtenstein Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2022), Form I. See, Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Database.
[3] See previous Support for Mine Action country profiles. ICBL-CMC, “Country Profiles: Liechtenstein,” undated.